Purpose The purpose of this study was to establish the differences of anticipating accuracy and confidence according to fencing expertise and spatial occlusion region. Methods For the purpose of this study, the anticipation ability of 6 high-level fencing players and 6 low-level fencing players were analyzed. All subjects performed the 60 tasks of anticipating the attack positions(thorax, thigh, toe) from observing the fencing video screen using spatial occlusion technique. The spatial occlusion technique was used in 6 particular body of opponent’s movement. For statistic analysis, data was analyzed through independent T-test measure. Moreover, Paired t-test were used as follow-up analysis. Results The results of the study were as follows: In terms of accuracy anticipation, the main effect of expertise was significantly different. Specifically, when the spatial occlusion technique was applied in head, left leg, arm, and a foil, the accuracy of anticipation was significantly different. Moreover, comparing with no-occlusion condition, anticipation accuracy decreased when spatial occlusion technique was applied in arm and foil. In terms of confidence, there was no significant difference between level of expertise. Conclusions In order to effectively anticipate the opponent’s movement in fencing sports, it is necessary to focus on the visual cues of arm/shoulder, and the foil. Especially, focusing on the foil movement might provide the core informations on anticipation ability.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to provide the physiological characteristics of female adults in their 30s by comparing the body composition and the maximal strength of the knee extension and flexion and bilateral ratio and ipsilateral ratio(H/Q: Hamstring and Quadriceps ratio) depending on age. [Methods] Body composition was measured by Hv-ps 7681(GE medical systems Lunar, USA). Isokinetic lower limb muscular strength was measured by Isomed2000(D&R Ferstl GMBH, Germany). 92 volunteers who were chosen by our selection criteria agreed to participate in our study. The participants were divided into three groups depending on age and classified as female adults in twenties(n=30), in thirties(n=34), in forties(n=28). To evaluate differences according to age, One-way ANOVA was used. [Results] The result in the test for female adults is as follows. In body composition, there were significant differences in lean mass, bone mineral density in the legs area among groups(p<.05). In isokinetic test, there were significant differences in muscular strength among groups in extensor of knee(p<.05). [Conclusion] The finding revealed that strength training based on the characteristics depending on age is required and ipsilateral ratio needs to be improved.
[Purpose] We examined the influence of reactive neuromuscular training (RNT) on golf swing coordination. RNT aims to induce proper coordinative movement by exaggerating the performer’s mistakes. Therefore, we applied RNT using inertia overloading to golfers who have problems with kinematic sequence during a golf swing. [Methods] To examine the effect of 12 weeks of RNT on golf swing coordination, we employed a ball tracking system (launch monitor) and motion analysis system (inertia sensors) were taken on four consecutive periods (pre-test and post-tests 4, 8, and 13 weeks later). Thirty Korean male cadets were divided into three groups based on inertial loading and practiced 7-iron golf swings combined with specific group tasks twice per week. [Results] At pre-test, most participants reached maximal angular velocity near the impact timing (95-100%). However, the deceleration timing of the maximum angular velocity of the proximal segments gradually moved toward mid-downswing as the training sessions proceeded, with the RNT group ultimately outperforming the two control groups. Additionally, the RNT group showed a significantly higher maximum angular velocity in the thorax and wrist. [Conclusion] Our results suggest that RNT can be sufficient to elicit and effective whole-body coordination pattern. Considerable follow-up research is needed on the use of RNT for various sports tasks and the effects of expertise on RNT results.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting. [Methods] Participants were 21 baseball batters, 7 of Korea Baseball Organization(KBO) League, 7 of Korea Baseball Organization Futures League, and 7 of Korea University Baseball Federation(KUBF) League. All of the participants were asked to swing the bat exactly at the time when the light arrived the target point of the runway. The Bassin Anticipation Timer was used to present stimulus with stimulus speed of 10, 15, and 20mph. Participants performed 10, 15, 20mph trials (3 kinds of speed per 5 times) and random trials (3 kinds of speed per 3 times randomly). The timing error of coincidence anticipation task was recorded and raw scores were transformed to constant error(CE), absolute error(AE) and variable error(VE). For data analysis, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used. And post-hoc test (Tukey HDS) were conducted. [Results] Results indicated a significant interaction on expertise and stimulus speeds for CE, AE and VE. The KBO League players group showed more accurate and consistent performance than the KBO Futures League players group and the KUBF League players group in baseball batting timing. [Conclusion] This findings revealed that coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy batting in baseball can be used as a factor to distinguish the ability of the other.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the process of Jang Changsun’s winning gold medal in the 1966 Toledo World Amateur Wrestling Championship and its meaning. [Methods] Jang Changsun and Katsumura Yasuo who had competed with Jang Changsun for the gold medal were selected as participants, a player and an executive who had participated in the Championship were selected as informants. Data had been collected by in-depth interview were analyzed firstly by using the Patton(1991)’s data analysis method, and the following conclusions were obtained by comparing with preceding studies, press releases, reports etc. [Results] Jang Changsun won a gold medal through the three stages of desperate struggles. The first struggle was to loose weight. Jang Changsun lost three times more weight than other players through fasting treatment, intensive training and dehydration in order to secure an advantageous position in the competition. His second struggle was the sparring itself. He made his mind to win gold medal 2 years before the Championship and started to strengthen his physical fitness and polish up his techniques to fight with strong players from powerful nation of wrestling. He finished the sparring by winning 4 games and tieing 2 games resulting in the same deduction points with Katsumura. It was inevitable for him to fight desperately to lose weight again to get gold medal. He eventually won the gold medal by losing his weight until he fainted because of injuries and serious dehydration. [Conclusion] The first gold medalist Jang Changsun contributed a lot to development of Korean sports by offering chance to consider significance of improving elite player’s exercising environment, scientific coaching, gaining self-confidence to win medal, and realizing the importance of sports informations.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine students’ perceptions of girls’ participation in physical education(PE) in elementary schools and examine the impacts of a girl-friendly integrated program on children’s participation in PE classes. Methods The participants were 10 fifth graders (5 girls and 5 boys) and their teacher in an elementary school. Data which were collected from in-depth interviews with students, students’ journal entries, field observation, and teacher’s reflective journal entries were analyzed inductively. Results Findings revealed that boys perceived girls’ participation as passive, possessing a low level of skills, and staying at the peripheral position. Meanwhile girls expressed their desire to demonstrate their strengths in PE classes and were afraid of boys’ criticism regarding their lack of skills. There were also misconceptions and misunderstanding on girls’ PE participation between boys and girls. In order to resolve these issues, a girls-friendly integrative program was designed. based on the four guiding principles drawn from students’ perception: (1) from ignorance to interest, (2) from misunderstanding to understanding, (3) from sport skills to sport values, and (4) from competition to cooperation. The program integrated boys and girls for promoting active interaction and also integrated competence, knowledge, and dispositions to accommodate students’ various ways of PE participation. Findings revealed that the program had: (1) diversified students’ perceptions of PE participation, (2) promoted students’ diverse and active participation, and (3) established classroom atmosphere which emphasized positive values.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether maximum repetition number can be used as an indicator of strength imbalance. Eleven healthy, resistance-trained males were tested for one repetition maximum (1-RM) the chest-press exercise, and than manual muscle testing (MMT), two-arm at 80% of 1-RM and one-arm at 40% of 1-RM in the pectoralis major were measured for the maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC) and maximum number of repetitions during the chest press exercise. Exercise velocity was constantly 4 seconds (concentric: 2-s, eccentric: 2-s) per repetition. The changes in %MVC were significantly higher in non-dominant limb (NDL) compared with dominant limb (DL) pectoralis major during two-arm chest press (p < 0.01) and one-arm chest press exercise (p < 0.05). In contrast, the changes in MMT (p < 0.05) and maximum repetition number (p < 0.01) were significantly higher in DL compared with NDL during one-arm chest press exercise. There was no correlation between maximum repetition number and MMT (rho = 0.331, p = 0.320). However, maximum repetition number was significantly negative correlated with %MVC in two-arm chest press (rho = -0.730, p = 0.011). It is possible that maximum repetition number can be used as an indicator of strength imbalance.
Active participation in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity(MVPA) is the indicator of healthy development for adolescents. However, Korean adolescents’ MVPA have continuously declined, and Korean adolescents have lower levels of MVPA compared to adolescents in other countries. Considering this issue, the purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of SPARK M-SPAN program to promote adolescents’ MVPA in P.E. classes and to understand how the promotion of adolescents’ MVPA occurs. To collect data, this study used Sequential Mixed Method and GT3X accelerometers. A total of 168 adolescents (84 in an experimental group and 84 in a control group) participated in this study for the quantitative data analysis, and six students and a teacher were interviewed for the qualitative data analysis. Paired t-test showed that students in SPARK P.E. classes experienced the significant decreases of sedentary behaviors(-339.6 sec) and low intensity P.A.(-96.9 sec) at p<.05 and the significant increases of moderate(+99.3 sec), vigorous(+252.4 sec), and very vigorous intensity P.A.(+84.7 sec) regardless of gender difference at p<.05 except for female students’ moderate intensity P.A.. The qualitative data analysis showed that SPARK classes gave students positive learning environments and led them to experience enjoyment and achievement-orientated learning Key teaching strategies of SPARK program and future research suggestions were provided in the discussion section.
This study was designed to develop a communication training program for college ice hockey teams and examine the effects of this program. College ice hockey players and coaches participated in this study. The various types of data were collected and analyzed to assess the needs of the program and to develop the program with expert meetings. To analyze the effects of the developed program, questionnaires, experience reports, and in-depth interviews were conducted as measures. The results of this study are as follows. First, ice hockey team communication consisted of eight factors (i.e., sympathy, respect, trust, two-way verbal communication, firm expression of opinion, training program communication, developing rapport, and cohesion). Thus, the program developed based on eight factors and consisted of three stages of total 12 sessions which was 90 min to 100 min long. Second, this program increased communication satisfaction, coach-athlete interaction, group cohesion and exercise effectiveness, and these quantitative results were statistically significant. Moreover, qualitative analysis revealed that this program enhanced sympathy, social cohesion, and task cohesion among participants as well as positively changed their communication skills better than before. The communication training program which was developed through this study could provide basic information of a communication training program in the sports domain and positively influence overall sports team effectiveness and performance.
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence 12 weeks of Hatha yoga exercise has upon changes in postural control ability of high school girls. The research subjects were 27 high school girls (yoga group: 15, control group: 12). Changes that took place after yoga exercise were comparatively analyzed after having them train Hatha yoga for 12 weeks. The research variables that were measured were the moving range of COP in static postural balance, Rambling & Trembling in the moving range of COP, and postural change in the sagittal plane. The mean and the standard deviation(SD) were calculated on each measurement item by using the SPSS Ver 21.0 statistical program. To verify difference in pre-value between groups, an independent t-test was carried out. The verification of change according to time within the group after 12 weeks of yoga exercise was conducted in a paired t-test. To inspect interaction by time and group before and after yoga exercise, two-way repeated measures ANOVA was implemented. As a result, the moving distance of the pre and post direction in the moving range of COP was reduced. Rambling and Trembling in the pre-and-post direction significantly decreased. And in postural change of the sagittal plane, there was significant interaction between two groups in the neck and thigh parts. It was thought that the 12 weeks hatha yoga exercise has positive influence upon improving the postural control mechanism in female high school students and has an effect even on change in the postural control ability of an individual.
