[Purpose] The study was designed to examine the effects of a 10-week sports climbing training on body composition and surrogate indices of major lifestyle disease in obese elderly women. [Methods] Twenty elderly women, whose percent body fat was over 35%, were randomly assigned into one of two groups, i.e., sports climbing training group (TR: n=10) and control group (CON: n=10). The subjects in TR completed sports climbing training program with 5.8 and 5.9 of difficulty, at 11-13 of ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), 60 min/session, three sessions/wk for 10 weeks. Independent variables regarding body composition and major lifestyle disease, i.e., hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis, were measured and compared between two groups as well as between two tests simultaneously using a repeated two-way ANOVA. [Results] Regarding physique and body composition, there were significant interactions between group and test in body weight, body mass index, fat mass, and percent body fat. These variables decreased significantly in TR. 2) Regarding indices of hypertension, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure decreased significantly in TR. Regarding indices of dyslipidemia, triglyceride decreased significantly in TR. Regarding indices of atherosclerosis, TG/HDL-C ratio decreased significantly in TR. [Conclusions] It was concluded that the 10-week sports climbing training would be beneficial for reduction of body fat despite its’ influence on fat-free mass was limited, and would also contribute on improving surrogate indices of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis in obese elderly women. Future research investigating the effects of various period, intensity, duration, and frequency of sports climbing training would be warranted.
[Purpose] This study aimed to examine the effects of complex physical training on exercise and football performances in youth football players. [Methods] The subjects (n=16) were randomly assigned to either a complex physical training group (CPG, n=8) or a control group (CON, n=8). CPG was performed the complex physical training for 50 minute per day, and 2∼3 times per week, for 8 weeks. Exercise performance (health related physical fitness, skill related physical fitness, Y-balance and functional movement screen; FMS) and football performance (juggling, speed dribbling, shot passing, long kick and triple hop) were measured before and after 8 weeks complex physical training. [Results] Sit-up (p=0.002), sit and reach (p=0.040), 50-m run (p=0.031), side step (p=0.005), single-leg standing with eyes closed (p=0.040), plank (p=0.023), dominant composite score (p=0.002) and non-dominant composite score (p=0.005), deep squat (p=0.009), inline lunge (p=0.042), active straight leg-raise (p=0.015), rotary stability (p=0.049), total score(p=0.001), speed dribbling (p=0.030), dominant triple hop (p=0.001) and non-dominant triple hop (p=0.032) were statistical significant interactions between group and time. [Conclusion] Our findings indicate that complex physical training has beneficial effects on performance improvement of exercise and football in youth football players.
[Purpose] Perception plays an important role in understanding the environment or related objects in order for humans to perform physical movements more effectively. Sometimes they create different movements with different perceptions. Especially, visual perception errors that occur in sports situations can have a considerable effect on performance. Accurate knowledge of the environment in this process of perception is important in performing movements or actions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of learning formation on perception using Muller-Liar illusion diagrams. To measure this, we compared the feedback group that induced knowledge learning and the control group that did not provide knowledge To see if there is a difference. Therefore, in this study, we have provided a visual feedback that can establish the cognitive awareness of the actual stimuli length to subjects, and investigated the changes in their matching action responses. [Methods] A total of 32 young and healthy subjects were randomly divided into two groups (Feedback and Non-Feedback groups). Subjects were asked to match the stimulus size with their index fingers and thumbs. Initially (pre-test), three different visual stimuli (inward, outward, and no arrows) were randomly presented 60 times (20 times each) and the grip sizes were recorded using the Liberty Motion Analysis System (Polhemus Co., America). Then, video clips of two lines merging each other were presented as feedbacks. Post-test protocol was identical to the pre-test protocol. The data were analyzed using the 3-way ANOVA with one RM factor (2 x 3 x 2). [Results] Results showed a significant 2-way interaction effect. Post-hoc results showed significant interaction between stimulus shape and pre/post-tests only in the experimental group. There was a significant decrease in the grip size after feedback in the OUT condition of experimental group. However, in the control group, there was no interaction between stimulus shape and pre/post-tests. [Conclusion] Overall, current results indicates that, while visual illusion can affect the action, the provision of visual feedback can establish the awareness of actual stimulus size and suppress the influence of illusion on action.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to grasp consumers' perception of badminton racket brand image using MDS and ISA. Methods To do this, we conducted questionnaires on those who participated in badminton and had experience of participating for 6 months or more in Seoul and Gyeonggi province from April 12 to 28, 2017, selected and analyzed a total of 313 copies as valid samples of this study. Results The results of study are as follows. First, as a result of MDS analysis, it showed that only the price of brand image attributes were in order of Trion > Joobong > Lining > Victor > Yonex, and the other attributes(Design, Functionality, Quality, Awareness, Advertising image, Event, Color, Popularity, Sophistication, Originality, Trust, Service) were in order of Yonex > Victor > Lining > Joobong > Trion. Second, as a result of ISA analysis, in I quadrant, Yonex showed functionality, quality, sophistication, and trust and Trion showed price, design, functionality and quality, Victor showed price, design, functionality, quality, color, sophistication, trust, service, and Joobong showed price, functionality, quality, and trust in this area. In quadrant Ⅱ as concentrated area, Yonex showed price and service, Trion showed color, trust, service, Victor showed price, Lining showed trust and service, and Joobong showed service in this area. In quadrant Ⅲ as low rank, Yonex showed advertising image, event, Trion showed awareness, advertising image, event, popularity, sophistication, originality, Victor showed advertising image, event, popularity, originality, Lining showed awareness, advertising image, event, popularity, originality, and Joobong showed design, advertising image, color, popularity, sophistication in this area. In quadrant IV as excess avoidance, Yonex showed design, awareness, color, popularity, originality, Victor showed awareness, Joobong showed awareness, event, originality in this area.
Purpose Evaluating the aging of senior and providing optimal sevices are important things for successful aging. This study identified functional fitness related with heath of aged 65 years or older and developed an age scale (longevity fitness age) for assessing their aging. Methods Participants were 458 older people (166 male, 292 female). They were divided into healthy group and disease group. Healthy group was used for the development of the longevity age equation and disease group was for investigating the validity of the equation. Participants completed 13 function fitness variables. The first principal component obtained from a principal component analysis was used to compute the equation. All variables except for grip strength and carrying beans were correlated with chronological aged. Grip strength and variables related lower functional fitness had differences between healthy group and disease group. Finally, 4 variables were selected for the equation. Results It was the following: longevity fitness age=0.942*X1+2, 185*X2+0.673*X3+0.051*X4+0.588*chronological age+58.401, where X1=standing up from a supine position, sec (s), X2=maximum walking (s), X3=standing up and sitting down a chair (s), X4=one leg balance with eyes open (s). The longevity fitness age of healthy group do not have a difference compared to their chronological age but disease group had a difference significantly. Age difference (chronological age-longevity fitness age) of sedentary group in disease group was significantly bigger than its active group. Longevity fitness age could assess an aging of senior. Conclusion We suggest that it can use as the tool for early detecting senior who need the health care service.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop the new indirect method assessing maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) using heart rate (HR) and accelerometer during walk exercise. Methods One hundred seven participants (55 male, 52 female) performed a graded exercise test to determine VO2max and two types of 1,600 m walk exercises (fast walk and pace controlled walk). The equations for estimating VO2max was developed by stepwise multiple regression. The validity of developed equations tested through the correlation between measured VO2max and estimated VO2max, was assessed by predicted residual sum of squares, and Bland-Altman plotting. Results VO2maxwas correlated with time, and HR/activity count per minute (ACM) measured in pace controlled walk exercise at all distance (400 m, 800 m, 1,200 m, 1,600 m). The equations were valid significantly and their multiple correlation coefficients or standard estimated error were similar to that Åstrand-Rhyming cycle ergometer test or Rockport 1 mile walk test. Using HR/ACM in pace controlled walk (400 m), it was possible to estimate VO2max(R2: 0.675, %SEE: 10.7). The equation was: VO2max=121.659+6.656×Gender-0.865×Age-9.540×Time-2460.952×HR/ACM (Gender, 0=female, 1=male: Time, hundredth of a minute: HR, heart rate: ACM, activity count per minute). Conclusion Estimation equations developed in this study are considered to estimate VO2max through a shorter distance, or a lower intensity of walk exercise. It is required studies to target a wide range of ages or to develop walk test on a lower bpm.
Previous work has shown that coaches sought information from several sources; however, there was a strong reliance on learning from other coaches within their social networks. There has been limited research examining the nature of these social networks with other coaches (Trudel and Gilbert 2004). Thus the purpose of this study was to examine the structures of coaches’ social networks of Korean rhythmic gymnasts. Research questions were: (1) What are the network structures of Korean rhythmic gymnasts’ coaches? (2) What structural parameters contribute to coaches’ network structures, and (3) Is there an association between coaches’ network and flow of information in their networks? A total of 37 coaches of youth rhythmic gymnasts (6-18 years old) participated in this study. Each of those coaches was asked to complete a Name Generator Questionnaire (i.e., list four names that you have a close relationship with) and general socio-demographic survey. Data were analyzed using social network analysis tools such as UCINET, p-net, and Quadratic Assignment Procedure. Analysis of network centrality, density, and strong components showed that (1) homophily was identified in the structure of coaches’ social networks (2) homophily (e.g., by gymnasts’ ranking, mentor coaches) contributed to the total social network of coaches, and (3) interacting only with close coaches in the network, coaches received information about coaches/coaching from the strong ties rather than weak ties (Granovetter, 1973). This study also has strong links to Wenger’s (1998) community of practice which posited that groups of people share a common characteristic in practice.
This study aimed to examine the change of the indices in blood gas, ions, and by-products of fatigue substances and components in collegiate elite Kumdo competitors, who carry out a number of competitive games during one day tournament event. Subjects were carried out total 6 simulated, but followed same conditions and rules of actual competition, with providing similar inter-game break time. Eight well trained male competitors, who had awarded from national wide competitions, voluntarily participated in this study and revealed 51.5(±8.8) mL·kg-1min-1 of maximal oxygen consumption and 12.4(±5.1) % body fat. TWOWAY ANOVA (tournament round vs. pre & post each game) was adopted to test whether the mean differences were existed, and the interaction between individual factors and main effect within each factors were analyzed. Statistical significance was set at Alpha (α) = .05. While there were no significant changes in blood hydrogen ion concentration (i.e., pH) and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) significantly decreased as the tournament games were repeated. The level of hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly elevated only during the 1st round of tournament. Na+ was significantly increased but K+ was decreased. Ca2+ concentration however, was not significantly altered. Although the changes of blood glucose level did not show any consistent patterns, free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was increased after completed each game compared to prior to initiate the each game. Blood NH3, lactic acid, and uric acid concentration increased at immediately after each game, and the pattern was maintained throughout the tournament round continued. These results reflected that the repeated participation of the tournament may cause the accumulation of the by-products of fatigue substances in blood and alteration of various ion components and energy substrates. Accordingly, the ways of reducing the physical fatigue and providing adequate energy source inter-tournament games needs to be necessarily considered for successful Kumdo competition. Data obtained from this study could valuable for searching the effective training and management methods to improve the performance and reduce the fatigue of the professional elite Kumdo competitors.
It has well known that post-exercise hypotension (PEH) after a bout of aerobic exercise was a major mechanism to reduce blood pressure though exercise training, and that citrulline supplementation reduced blood pressure by increasing nitric oxide in vivo. However, the effects of citrulline supplementation on PEH have not been fully elucidated yet. This study was designed to examine the effects of citrulline supplementation on PEH after a bout of aerobic exercise in prehypertensive and normotensive 20s males. The effects of a four-day citrulline or placebo treatment on blood pressure, cardiovascular function, and blood lactate concentration measured at rest and during recovery phase after a bout of exercise performed for 30 min at 70% VO2max were compared and analyzed. All subjects participated in a citrulline trial and a placebo trial repeatedly according to a counter-balanced order. Main results of the present study were as follows: 1) Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean arterial pressure measured at 10-60 min of recovery phase in citrulline trial were significantly lower than placebo trial. Rate-pressure product measured at 30 min and 45 min of the recovery phase in citrulline trial was significantly lower than placebo trial. 2) No significant differences were found in heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), and total peripheral resistance (TPR) measured during the recovery phase between two trials. There were significant differences in HR, stroke volume, CO, and TPR among times within a trial. 3) No significant difference was found in blood lactate concentration measured at rest and during the recovery phase between two trials. The results would be summarized that the PEH was augmented by the citrulline supplementation, and that burden to cardiac muscle as well as cardiovascular function were not affected by the citrulline supplementation. It was concluded that the short-term citrulline supplementation would be very effective to augment the PEH. A research investigating the effects of citrulline supplementation on the PEH in pre-hypertensive and/or hypertensive individuals would be warranted. In addition, a study examining the effects of citrulline supplementation during long-term exercise training on the blood pressure in hypertensive patients also would be warranted in near future.
The frailty, characterized by reduced physiological function is closely related to a fall, disability, institutionalization, hospitalization, and mortality in the elderly. A reduced physical fitness is a major phenotype of the frailty. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among pre-frailty, physical activity (PA) and functional fitness in the community dwelling elderly women. The study participants were elderly women (n=338, 70.6±4.2years) aged over 65 who took part in the Korean Healthy Fitness Criteria study for the National Fitness Award Project in 2015. The pre-frailty was defined using the Cardiovascular Health Study frailty criteria. PA was assessed using the International PA Questionnaire (IPAQ). The participants were classified as regular PA participants if they meet the World Health Organization (WHO) PA recommendation for the elderly. Functional fitness was assessed using the composite of the National Fitness Award fitness testing for the elderly. Quality of life was evaluated using EuroQoL visual analogue scale and WHO quality of life assessment. As the results, the pre-frail elderly women were significantly older and obese (body mass index, percent body fat, waist circumference) than the healthy elderly. The pre-frail elderly presented significant decreases in walking, moderate intensity, and total PA compared to the healthy elderly even after adjusted for age and percent body fat. However, no significant difference was found in vigorous-intensity activity between the pre-frail and healthy elderly. Also, the pre-frail elderly women showed the decrease in functional fitness and quality of life compared to the healthy elderly. Regular PA was associated with high levels of muscular endurance and coordination in healthy and pre-frail elderly. In pre-frail elderly, high levels of cardiorespiratory endurance was associated with PA. In conclusion, regular PA is inversely associated with fitness decline in healthy and pre-frail community-dwelling elderly women. Regular PA might attenuate fitness decline in pre-frail elderly women.
