PURPOSE This study aimed to establish a standardized evaluation of the consistency and reliability of the results of the 2018 Buenos Aires Youth Olympics. METHODS The results of the preliminary and the final rounds of the individual Boys and Girls competition of the 2018 Buenos Aires Youth Olympics were collected. Data were organized using Microsoft Windows Excel 2021. Windows SPSS 26.0 was used for descriptive statistics. Intraclass correlation coefficient calculation was used to analyze the evaluation score. The winner/loser decision, and the evaluation interrater agreement was confirmed using Fleiss' kappa. RESULTS There was a difference in the scores given by the judges in both the preliminary and final rounds of both competitions. A low correlation was observed between the decided winner of the judges, and the point variance for each item. CONCLUSIONS In the trivium value system, differences in the evaluation strategies of the judges may exist. Thus, improvements to standardize evaluation should be implemented. In addition, this scoring system considers various factors in the evaluation process, and the scoring system is complicated. Therefore, there may be a need to revise the evaluation system and find the optimal number of judges to create a better evaluation.
Purpose The purpose of this study was (1) to analyze judges’ evaluation on rhythmic gymnastics performance by applying generalizability theory and (2) to suggest recommendations to improve judges' rating. Methods Data were 34 players’ scores from Senior Part at 29th KGA President’s Cup National Rhythmic Gymnastics Championship in Korea. Difficulty and execution scores in ball, clubs, hoop and ribbon event were analyzed. Analysis models containing components of area and reputation rank were designed and multivariate generalizability theory were used for analysis. Results The G-study results showed (1) that the error source about players has more significant impact to evaluation than other error sources in analysis model containing components of only player and judge, (2) that the error source about players has more significant impact to evaluation than other error sources in analysis model adding components of area, but the error source about area has more significant impact to evaluation of clubs event than other error sources, (3) that the error source about players has more significant impact to evaluation than other error sources in analysis model adding components of reputation rank, but the error source about reputation rank has more significant impact to evaluation of hoop event than other error sources in analysis model adding components of area. The D-study results showed generalizability coefficient was stable in analysis model without components of area and reputation rank, but generalizability coefficient in analysis model containing components of area and reputation rank not stable in some event. Conclusion Recommendations for improving judging were discussed.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop the estimating equations for 4 types of Wingate Anaerobic test setting. METHODS 80 male elite athletes performed 4 trials of the Wingate Anaerobic test by each type. Subjects were conducted the retest one week later. Data collected from the Wingate Anaerobic test included mean power, peak power, and power drop for 30s were measured. Coefficient of correlation was used for validity of type 1(DOS version) and the other types(ver. 2.24, 3.3.0, and 3.2.1). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to examine the reliability of test and retest. Simple regression analysis was used for calculating the estimating equation. RESULTS There was significant correlation for absolute value(Watt, p<.01) and relative value(Watt/kg, p<.01) of mean power, absolute value(W, p<.01), relative value(Watt/kg, p<.05), and power drop rate(%, p<.01). Test and retest reliability was excellent for all test variables(p<.01). CONCLUSIONS From the all results, the estimating equation was calculated to convert all outputs from each type to the other types of the Wingate Anaerobic test setting. These findings suggest that the estimating equations are compatiable to 4 types of Wingate Anaerobic test setting.
The purpose of this study which is follow up study of Lee and Kim(2015b)'s was to analyse error sources and estimation of reliability in peer review of forced connection method-sportscasting by applying generalizability theory. Generalizability theory quantify error sources of the data measured under certain specific situation set by the researchers. It is an analysis method that the relative influences of each error sources taking from score is determined(G-study), and the effective measurement condition future applicable is provided(D-study). Participants were 10th high school students(N=216). Data were collected from student's peer review results and analyzed using univariate and multivariate generalizability theory. Results showed that error source for video have a more significant impact than other error sources. But the result by analyzing the gender difference was that error source for the interaction of video and participants have a more significant impact than other error source in the case of girls. Peer review used in this study showed high generalizability coefficient and even when reducing the number of video or participants it can maintain the adequate reliability. But generalizability coefficient of boys was higher than girls and specific measurement conditions leading to enhanced reliability were different when analyzing by gender difference. Also, method of analysis which cannot reflect measurement conditions properly estimates the reliability excessive. Discussions were provided in term of the relative influences of each error sources, the effective measurement condition maintaining the Generalizability coefficient of a certain level, and the comparison the Generalizability coefficient with the way of estimation traditional reliability applying univariate and multivariate Generalizability theory taking from score in peer review of forced connection method-sportscasting.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify how the three variables of consumer confusion proneness affect consumers' negative emotion, word of mouth, trust and decision postponement during the process of purchasing golf club. Futhermore, this study looked through the moderating effect of the personal characteristics in the relation between consumer confusion proneness and negative emotion. Method A total of 850 questionnaires were used for data analyses(i.e., frequency analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modeling) with PASW 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. The results of the study are as follow. Results First, all of the subordinate factors of consumer confusion proneness had a significant effect on the consumer's negative emotion. Second, consumer's negative emotion had a significant effect on negative WOM. Third, consumer's negative emotion had no significant effect on distrust. Fourth, consumer's negative emotion had a significant effect on decision postponement. Fifth, the moderating role of negative effectivity partially had a significant influence in a relation ship between confusion proneness and negative emotion. Sixth, the moderating role of intolerance of uncertainty had a significant influence in a relation ship between confusion proneness and negative emotion. Conclusion The results of this study contributed to provide fundamental information on over all golf industry as in service providing point of view as well as development and application relate to it.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the consistency and correlation of referee evaluation according to the judging characteristics in the preliminary and semi-final of the Latin event of dance sports, thereby deriving the problem of referee reliability and suggesting alternatives for improvement. Methods The method of study is Based on the performance data of 54 amateur Latin dances match organized by the Korea Dance Sports Federation for a total of three years 11,850(preliminary rounds & semi-final). Based on the Kappa statistics and the degree of agreement(pa), the difference in the group of examination characteristics was derived and the correlation between the five Latin events was analyzed. Results As a result of through this study, the consistency of the dance sports referee and the characteristics of the judging in the event were confirmed, and the number of judges tended to be higher when the number of judges was seven, the more the number of subjects was, and the highest level of agreement was more than 70 percent of the judges. In addition, the higher the concordance of each of the five detailed items, the higher the correlation tendency. Conclusion Differences in visual aspects between dance sports judges and the difference in the judges' ratings due to the revision of the rules, the decrease in the number of competitors participating in the competition, the number of people to be eliminated in each round, and the proportion of judges with experience in the competition are different, and these differences affect the judges and show up in the scores. The Latin dance sports events based on objectivity and reliability to improve the correct standards of judges to find the same raters, work will be required and an assessment element. With a systematic way in and to carry out the review curriculum and educational development is considered necessary.
The purpose of this study was (1) to analyze judges’ evaluation on figure skating performance and statistical analysis and (2) to make recommendation to improve judges' performance. Data were 62 figure skaters’ scores from Senior Woman 1 Group Part at 2015 The National Figure Skating Championship in Korea. Data of presentation part in Short Program were analyzed. Presentation part consists of skating skills, transitions/linking footwork/movement, performance/execution, choreography/composition and interpretation. Nine judges evaluate skater's presentation with the score 10.0 for each factor. Generalizability theory, descriptive statistics and ANOVA were utilized. Results showed that generalizability coefficient of presentation part was over 0.9, therefore stable reliability was secured. The error source about players has more significant impact to evaluation than other error sources. Generalizability coefficient was stable when reducing the number of judges up to 2. Also, judges generally represented aspects of similar evaluation, but different aspects appeared on a few judges’ assessment in the components of presentation. Discussions were provided in terms of the reliability of the judging method for the presentation part of figure skating and the effective measurement condition.
When the long-awaited KSME in PESS was established in 1998, KSME faced a turning point in its growth. Following the changes in both quality and quantity of the society's researches since its establishment and seeking for future themes is important for the society. This research analyzed the society's research trend using mainly the Korean Journal of ME in PESS. Then, by examining the physical fitness test, it proposed possible future themes for the KSME. This research also looked into the American Kinesmetrics’ contribution to Kinesiology, its research trend and future researches The KSME's recent researches show refined quality, diversified themes and reinforcements in practical researches. Regarding the themes, the reliability and validity of tests became predominant, sports analysis and physical activity emerged, and interest in measurement and evaluation in school PE was low. Possible research themes in the future are measurement and evaluation in school PE, game analysis and sport big data. The recent interest of the American Kinesmetrics was the cross validation of criterion-referenced physical fitness cut-off score, the validation of the guideline for physical activity, and the relationship between sedentary behavior and health. Possible future research themes of the American Kinesmetrics were the refinement of test methods, the effectiveness of the physical fitness test award system, and the application of the ubiquitous wearable technology.
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the dimensions of sport brand authenticity and to develop a valid and reliable scale for measuring such dimensions. METHODS Along with a sequential mixed method design, qualitative researches were conducted (a literature review on brand authenticity and the inherent value of sport, 5 one-to-one expert interviews, and a Delphi survey of 10 researchers). Based on the qualitative research results, an EFA (n=304), 2 times CFA (1st: n=304, 2nd: n=311), and correlation analysis using the other scale (brand relationship quality, brand attachment, brand credibility) were conducted to test reliability, construct validity, and criterion-related validity. RESULTS In the qualitative research results, 8 dimensions with 36 items were extracted; however 6 dimensions (originality, connectedness, legitimacy, authority, sport spirit, and expertise) with 28 items were identified as appropriate structures from EFA and CFA, and the relations between all the dimensions and other scales related to consumer attitude were statistically significant in the correlation analysis. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the scale in this study could provide a new and specific perspective on sport brand authenticity, which is constructed using a general aspect and a sport specific aspect, and an understanding of the concept of sport brand authenticity in other sport industries.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop algorithms and software that can track the trajectory of table tennis balls using image-processing algorithms to obtain information quickly for under and establish tactics used in table tennis. Methods The algorithms used in the field of computer vision were applied on two matches played by novice and two matches during international competitions by elite athletes. Reliability analysis was performed by comparing the table tennis ball bounce frequency in each zone obtained through the automatic method and the manual method. Results The mean reliability of the two novice games was only 85.1 ± 3.69%, total error was 14.9 ± 3.69%, overestimation error was 52.2 ± 9.78%, and underestimation error was 47.8 ± 9.78%. While the mean reliability of the two international tournaments was 71.8 ± 0.87%, the total error was 28.2 ± 0.87%, overestimation error was 82.0 ± 8.03%, and underestimation error was 19.2 ± 7.75%. Conclusions Although the target reliability of algorithms and software developed in this study was achieved only in novice competitions with 80%, the over-estimation errors were generally high in international competitions, showing the potential for further improvement.
