Purpose The purpose of this study is to classify the subjectivity of re-socialization barriers among retired footballers. Methods Q methodology was conducted to identify constraint factors contributing to social adjustment and reemployment perceived by 28 P-samples. Results Re-socialization barriers were classified as ‘Type I: Internal-constraint’, ‘Type II: External-constraint’, ‘Type III: Internal-conflict’, and ‘Type IV: External-conflict’. These types provided a variety of academic and practical discussions, depending on where the barriers are taken from (internal and external) and what depends on them (objective conditions and subjective ideas). Conclusions This study focused on the subjective structure of retired footballers and complemented traditional methodology focusing on hypothesis testing. Therefore, each type found in this study provides useful information not only in follow-up study on retired athletes, but also in policy-making decision such as support projects.
PURPOSE This study aimed to explore the ranking culture of Korean female professional golfers under the assumption that side-effects such as performance degradation and sports desocialization result from the culture. METHODS To collect data, semistructured, open-ended interviews were conducted with eight former KLPGA Tour players, and the data were analyzed through the inductive analysis method suggested by Hatch (2002). RESULTS Our findings were the following: (1) There has been an oppressive culture regarding the salutation attitude among Korean female professional golfers. (2) The ranking culture of Korean female professional golf players formed a background of voluntarily noticing seniors from junior players. (3) As part of subduing juniors who go against the hierarchy culture, the phenomenon of group bullying by senior players was found. (4) There are players who influx the KLPGA tour after their tour career in foreign countries becomes uncomfortable with the ranking culture of Korean female professional golfers, or in worse cases, they leave the tour because of maladaptation. (5) Rather than protesting or raising issues, parents of players, especially those of junior players who have suffered damage against the ranking culture tend to accept the practices and endure disadvantages. CONCLUSIONS Follow-up studies on ways to improve them and additional studies on ranking culture and side-effects that may occur between athletes in other sports are required to restore the ethics of Korean sports and ultimately normalize them.
