PURPOSE Sporting events constitute attractive platforms for providing participants with unique experiences. This study was aimed at investigating the structural relationships among perceived sporting event quality, image, trust, satisfaction, and loyalty of small-scale golf tournament participants. METHODS The questionnaire was structured in five dimensions: sporting event quality (4 sub-dimensions and 13 items), image (3 items), trust (3 items), satisfaction (3 items), and loyalty (4 items). A total of 217 amateur golfers from four Ecolian public golf clubs (Gwangsan, Jechon, Jeoungsun, and Younggwang) during the golf tournament participated in this study. Factor, reliability, validity, and structural equation model analyses were performed utilizing SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 24.0. RESULTS This study indicated that sporting event quality in a small-scale sporting event was the crucial factor of image, trust, and satisfaction, which, in turn, significantly impacted loyalty. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study contribute to theoretical understandings of sporting event quality factors that predict sport consumers’ image, trust, and satisfaction in the context of sports and leisure. Additionally, this study offers practical suggestions for administrators who develop marketing strategies for small-scale sporting events.
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the underlying dimensions of brand (professional sport team) authenticity and to develop a valid, reliable scale to measure these dimensions. METHODS A pool of 67 potential items was drawn through a literature review, content analysis, qualitative research (n=43), and an expert evaluation. The identified items were subjected to exploratory factor analysis (n=248) and confirmatory factor analysis (n=285). In addition, multiple regressions were conducted to examine the criterion validity of the scale. RESULTS The results showed that the brand authenticity scale for professional sport teams consists of 42 items representing 8 dimensions: continuity, originality, quality commitment, heritage, symbolism, credibility, stakeholder-related integrity, and consumer-related integrity. The study has proven evidences of internal consistency and convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity of the scale. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the scale developed in this study offers a vital foundation to understand the structure of brand authenticity in the context of sport fans and its impact on sport consumer behavior.
This study was to verify the structure of efficacy related to performance perceived by short-track athletes when playing a match. Therefore, 50 players answered open questionnaires and 200 players participated in construct validity verification, a total of 250 players of short-track members of national, business and university team were sampled during the research phase. The data was analyzed through the study procedures. The results were as follows: First, efficacy structure of players during the match were categorized into three groups as game managing strategy(including course management, race control, match management and selective attention ability), psychological control ability(including positive imagery, match competition, competitive spirit, ability to handle hardship, anxiety control, and patience), and physical usage of ability(including physique, endurance, and quickness). Second, the result of the first construct validity verification through exploratory factor analysis showed 7 factors in 29 items as game management, course management, psychological control, physical use, coping with hardship, speed control and psychological stability. Finally, as a result of confirmatory factor analysis, short-track self-efficacy showed the 5 factor in 15 items except for coping with hardship and psychological stability.
PURPOSE This study aimed to identify the dimensions of sport brand authenticity and to develop a valid and reliable scale for measuring such dimensions. METHODS Along with a sequential mixed method design, qualitative researches were conducted (a literature review on brand authenticity and the inherent value of sport, 5 one-to-one expert interviews, and a Delphi survey of 10 researchers). Based on the qualitative research results, an EFA (n=304), 2 times CFA (1st: n=304, 2nd: n=311), and correlation analysis using the other scale (brand relationship quality, brand attachment, brand credibility) were conducted to test reliability, construct validity, and criterion-related validity. RESULTS In the qualitative research results, 8 dimensions with 36 items were extracted; however 6 dimensions (originality, connectedness, legitimacy, authority, sport spirit, and expertise) with 28 items were identified as appropriate structures from EFA and CFA, and the relations between all the dimensions and other scales related to consumer attitude were statistically significant in the correlation analysis. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the scale in this study could provide a new and specific perspective on sport brand authenticity, which is constructed using a general aspect and a sport specific aspect, and an understanding of the concept of sport brand authenticity in other sport industries.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to apply a life skills program to student-athletes and statistically verify the changes in life skills of the experimental and control group. METHODS Participants were 34 high school Taekwondo athletes (Mage=17.71). They were divided into 18 in the experimental group and 16 in the control group. For eight weeks, the experimental group participated in the life skills program after training and the control group participated in only training as usual. Data were collected by using Life Skills Scale for Student-Athletes (LSSSA), and the participants of two groups filled out the LSSSA before and after the program application. The collected data were analyzed by using repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA), and partial η2 (eta squared) was calculated to present the effect size. RESULTS The interaction between time and group was statistically significant in goal setting, coping with stress, positive thinking, and managing emotion among sub-factors of life skills. Partial η2 was interpreted as having a large effect size as it revealed the range of .22 to .51. Therefore, comparing before and after participating in the program, the life skills score of the experimental group among the two groups was significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS Student-athletes who participated in the program experienced positive changes in life skills than those who did not participate in the program.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of recovery methods comparing with change ratio in Lactic acid(LA), Heart rate(HR), VAS(Visual analogue scale) on recovery patterns after field training(FT) in Korea National bobsleigh and skeleton players. [Methods] The tests were conducted for 3 times at a one-week interval as an experimental design within the same subjects(n=9), observed change ratio in LA, HR, VAS through applying Active recovery(AR), Whole body vibration(WBV) & Cold water immersion(CWI) after FT. [Results] The results were summarized as follows: The alteration of ratio in LA, HR, VAS decreased significantly after applying the three recovery patterns(p<.01). The difference between the groups showed that the reduction in lactic acid according to active recovery and whole-body vibration was higher than cold water immersion(p<.01). [Conclusion] In conclusion, although active recovery was more effective than static recovery, there was a significant effect of the three recovery methods in this study on reducing a fatigue in bobsleigh & skeleton players. Therefore, it would be considered to improve the performance of athletes when these methods apply for them depending on situations and environments.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop a psychic energy management scale that construct a concept and based on extracted contents of structural validity and reliability of university athlete psychic energy management inventory. Methods To develop the scale, the researches were completed <research ⅰ; constructing sub-factors of Psychological Energy Management, ⅱ; developing scales of psychic energy management, ⅲ; verifying validity of psychic energy management>. The results shown are a follows. Results The psychic energy management inventory contents of the university athlete were categorized into five categories ; team energy, game energy, environment energy, leisure energy and body energy. Through statistical procedures and factor analysis, the psychic energy management inventory was developed with 4 factors 18 items (coach energy 4 question items, game/environment energy 6 question items, colleague energy 4 question items, body energy 4 question items). Conclusion Convergent validity and discriminant validity was demonstrated through the external validity, the multi-group analysis confirmed the structural equivalence of the scale between the school grades.
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effects of an 8-week gluteus medius strengthening exercise on back pain, balance, and strength in female office workers with low back pain. METHODS The participants of this study were female office workers aged 30 to 48 years old who reported low back pain on a visual analogue scale (VAS) ranging from 3 to 7. Twenty-six participants were randomly assigned to the exercise (n=13) and control (n=13) groups. The study applied a gluteus medius strengthening program to the exercise group for 8 weeks, three times a week, and 60 minutes per session. The participants in the control group were asked to maintain their normal life patterns during the period of intervention. Data collected from the test were analyzed through repeated two-way ANOVA, paired t-test, and independent t-test. RESULTS First, there has been a significant decrease in the pain level, as evidenced by VAS and Korean oswestry disability index (KODI) scores. Second, there was a statistically significant improvement in both static and dynamic balance capabilities. Last, back strength also significantly improved. CONCLUSIONS Application of the gluteus medius strengthening exercise appears to be effective for low back pain, static and dynamic balance capabilities, and back strength.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of team building climbing program on happiness, social development, self-esteem, stress, and depression of the youth. The participants consisted of 27 university students. The self-report instruments were compose of happiness scale, social development inventory, self-esteem scale, stress inventory, and depression scale. Qualitative data were participants’ perception about the effects of team building climbing program. Firstly, team building climbing program had positive effect on happiness of the youth, while climbing program had not significant effect on happiness of the youth. Secondly, both team building climbing program and climbing program had positive effect on social development of the youth, while team building climbing program was significant higher than climbing program in post-time. Thirdly, team building climbing program had positive effect on stress of the youth, while climbing program had not significant effect on stress of the youth. Fourthly, both team building climbing program and climbing program had positive effect on self esteem of the youth, while there were not significant between team building climbing program and climbing program in self esteem of post-time. Fifthly, both team building climbing program and climbing program had positive effect on depression of the youth, while there were not significant between team building climbing program and climbing program in depression of post-time. Limitations of this study and future implications were discussed.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to validate the Korean version of Coaching Life Skills in Sport Questionnaire (KCLSS-Q). METHODS Substantive, structural, and external stages were undertaken to address the purpose of this study. At the substantive stage, the scale was translated by discussing with an expert panel and testing item clarity. Ten coaches (9 males, Mage=33.80, SD=4.21) participated in the item clarity test. At the structural stage, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were conducted. A total of 249 (214 male, Mage=34.18, SD=6.82) and 232 coaches (186 male, Mage=34.26, SD=7.69) participated in the EFA and CFA, respectively. At the external stage, correlation analysis using other scales (emotional intelligence in sport coaching, EISSC) was conducted to examine concurrent validation. A total of 130 copies of the CFA data were randomly extracted and used for this stage. RESULTS For the EFA, the scale extracted five factors with 27 items. In the CFA, however, five factors with 26 items were identified as an appropriate structure. Finally, the relationships of all sub-factors between KCLSS-Q and EISSC were statistically significant in the correlation analysis. CONCLUSIONS KCLSS-Q should reasonably consists of nine items on structuring and facilitating a positive sport climate, five on understanding life skills, four on practicing life skills, five on understanding life skills transfer, and three on practicing life skills transfer. KCLSS-Q can be used as a valid measure to evaluate the coaching life skills of Korean coaches.
