This study aimed to examine the change of the indices in blood gas, ions, and by-products of fatigue substances and components in collegiate elite Kumdo competitors, who carry out a number of competitive games during one day tournament event. Subjects were carried out total 6 simulated, but followed same conditions and rules of actual competition, with providing similar inter-game break time. Eight well trained male competitors, who had awarded from national wide competitions, voluntarily participated in this study and revealed 51.5(±8.8) mL·kg-1min-1 of maximal oxygen consumption and 12.4(±5.1) % body fat. TWOWAY ANOVA (tournament round vs. pre & post each game) was adopted to test whether the mean differences were existed, and the interaction between individual factors and main effect within each factors were analyzed. Statistical significance was set at Alpha (α) = .05. While there were no significant changes in blood hydrogen ion concentration (i.e., pH) and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) significantly decreased as the tournament games were repeated. The level of hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly elevated only during the 1st round of tournament. Na+ was significantly increased but K+ was decreased. Ca2+ concentration however, was not significantly altered. Although the changes of blood glucose level did not show any consistent patterns, free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was increased after completed each game compared to prior to initiate the each game. Blood NH3, lactic acid, and uric acid concentration increased at immediately after each game, and the pattern was maintained throughout the tournament round continued. These results reflected that the repeated participation of the tournament may cause the accumulation of the by-products of fatigue substances in blood and alteration of various ion components and energy substrates. Accordingly, the ways of reducing the physical fatigue and providing adequate energy source inter-tournament games needs to be necessarily considered for successful Kumdo competition. Data obtained from this study could valuable for searching the effective training and management methods to improve the performance and reduce the fatigue of the professional elite Kumdo competitors.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to provide useful information on the improvement of performance by measured the psychological-physiological stresses experienced by elite shooters during a competition. Methods Thirty-eight elite shooters participated in this study (Male = 13, Female = 25). Psychological stress was measured and used for this study based on the stress factors found in the elite target stress study by Park(2015). The cortisol, a physiological stress hormone, was measured using saliva. Results The reliability of the psychological stress sub-factor pre-post analysis results showed no statistically significant. The concentration of cortisol measured on the day before the competition (0.1704 µg/dL) significantly increased immediately before the competition (0.3558 µg/dL). Cortisol immediately before the competition showed negative correlation (r=-.361, p=.036) with the competition score, and the regression variable of cortisol was 13%. Conclusions In this study, physiological stress had a negative effect on elite shooters performance compared to psychological stress.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the winners and the losers of curling games to provide the winner strategies for the curling stakeholder. Methods For this study, data was collected from 2014 Sochi Winter Olympics web-site(http://sochi2014.curlingevents.com), which covers 199 games in total. Using the collected data, we extracted additional data such as the shot types and accuracy per players, team average score per end, whether or not with hammer per end and so on. and then a Chi-square test in statistic package SPSS 23.0 was used. The statistical significance was considered with p< 0.05. Results As a result, it was found that there were statistically significant difference between winners and losers of curling game on the shot type and accuracy(Draw, Front and Clearing). It was also found that there was not statistically significant between winners and losers about the number of blank end per end. It was found that 9th end average score was relatively lower than the other end in both the winners and the losers. It was found that the characteristics of the winners tends to be successful in more point from 5th end to 8th end with hammer and steal without hammer. Conclusion In conclusion, the strategies to win the curling game is to improve the shot performance of Lead and Skip, to organize the operation sequence for the successful blank end, and to develop the database and software in curling.
The purpose of this study was to confirm the differences between winner and loser groups of national team participated in the World Taekwondo Championships statistically and trends of psychological status according to applying mental coaching. In order to achieve the purpose it was the selection of 16 national members participated in the 2013 World Taekwondo Championships in Puebla. Data was selected by TOPS(test of performance strategy). The survey was conducted before and after applying the mental coaching and the game soon after. Data processing results were calculated utilizing Excel and SPSS 21.0 version. Based on the findings issue the conclusions were as follows. First, the psychological state of the winner and loser groups showed a different trend in the self-talk, emotion control, performed automatically, imagery, struggle, negative thinking, relaxation, condition factor. Winner group was shown maintenance or better trends of psychological state in the three times measurements on the other hand, loser group was shown decrease in the game soon after. Secondly, winner and loser groups are statistically significant differences in the psychological state of competition in self-talk, struggle, negative thinking, solving tension factors. In other words, The winner group had higher score in the four factors than loser group in the competition.
PURPOSE This study aims to identify how the [Goal Kicking Women] TV program has changed the perceptions of male viewers on women’s football. METHODS Using a qualitative research design, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 8 male viewers who are in their 50s. Thematic analysis was used to draw implications from the interviews. RESULTS Results show that having watched [Goal Kicking Women], 1) participants have become more familiarized with women playing football; 2) participants’ initial stereotype about women’s alleged inferiority in football has changed, as the performance of female stars in the program, who did not have any experience playing football, improved; and 3) the genuine passion that female stars showed for football made participants think that women’s football was just as good as men’s. CONCLUSIONS This study provides practical and academic implications, as it identifies men’s perceptions on women’s football and analyzes the influence of [Goal Kicking Women]. To conclude, establishing a foundation for planning and implementing effective policies to promote women’s football in South Korea is recommended.
Purpose There are two purposes of this study; First is to investigate the reality of curriculum in the qualification system through the coordination process between participants’ experiences and institutional texts. Second is to identify the light and shade of the educational logics underlying the certificate courses of Level 2-sport-for-all-coach. Methods By relying on the institutional ethnography approach(Smith, 2005), the data were collected through on-site materials and semi-structural interviews with seven coaches who participated in the qualification programmes after 2015 system revision. The data were analyzed by mapping the social organization. Results The analysis shows two key findings. First, participants faced inconsistencies with institutional texts in the subcategories of qualification system and experienced (self-)rationalization process including doubt, complaint, acceptance and compromise toward the system. Second, Performance pedagogy and Craft pedagogy were operating at the root of the current qualification system, and the two logics led to the fundamental limitations(unlinked educational content, passive educational activity, and unsystematic educational operation) for the improvement of system. Conclusion The activation of the retrospective approach to distinguish the pros and cons of various educational logics was suggested. These findings are expected to provide useful implications for building the future framework to educate sport-coaches more systematically.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to provide information for improving the performance and skills of 500 m speed skaters by analyzing the kinematic and kinetic changes in their slide board movements over time. METHODS The subjects were 10 male short-distance skaters in their 20s to 30s who were registered as professional athletes with the Korea Sports Council. The changes in joint angle, joint moment, and joint power over time in the subjects’ slide board motion were measured and analyzed. RESULTS It was found that during phase 2 of the skater’s slide board movement, there was an increase in plantar flexion and a decrease in flexion of the lower extremity joint and extension of the knee and hip joint, with decrease in positive power of the knee joint. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study are expected to provide practical information to skating coaches and athletes by quantifying the biomechanical factors observed over time during slide board movements. In addition, this study is expected to contribute to the field of speed skating by presenting scientific training methods and proposing new analysis techniques to improve performance in the future.
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate conditioning management and perception in Korea Ladies Professional Golf Association golfers and elite amateur female golfers. METHODS Physical characteristics and performance-related factors were investigated through a short version of the conditioning questionnaire consisting of 16 questions on five factors, surveying 129 female professional golfers and 174 elite amateur female golfers. The components of the questionnaire included physical fitness (four questions), injury (four questions), nutrition (three questions), mental (three questions), and performance strategy factors (two questions). Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 23.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). An independent t-test was used for comparison between groups. RESULTS Physical fitness-related factors showed significant differences in all four questions between groups (p<0.001–0.031), injury-related questions showed significant differences between groups in three questions (p<0.001–0.003), and one nutrition-related question was different between groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Differences were seen in conditioning management factors recognized between professional and elite amateur female athletes. Future research on conditioning questions and differences in effects according to actual performance will be needed.
PURPOSE This study comprehensively examined the aerodynamic and flight characteristics of modern soccer balls, focusing on their design evolution and performance attributes. METHODS The aerodynamic characteristics of five types of World Cup balls (2006 Germany World Cup, 2010 South Africa World Cup, 2014 Brazil World Cup, 2018 Russia World Cup, 2022 Qatar World Cup) and five types of Euro tournament balls (EURO2008, EURO2012, EURO2016, EURO2020, EURO2024) were examined, along with their respective design changes. RESULTS Through detailed analysis, significant variations in aerodynamic properties among soccer balls used in various tournaments were identified. Recent advancements have resulted in faster transitions towards critical Reynolds numbers, indicating improved stability in flight trajectories. This enhancement was attributed to the augmentation of surface roughness, which plays a crucial role in enhancing aerodynamic stability and overall performance. 2D simulations simulating powerful goalkeeper kicks revealed distinct differences in flight distances among different soccer balls; the Jabulani ball used in the 2010 World Cup exhibited the longest flight distance, while that of the 2024 Euro ball was the shortest. CONCLUSIONS Variations in surface texture significantly impact aerodynamic properties, affecting flight distance, arrival time, and height. This study underscores the significant design enhancements in modern soccer balls that optimize aerodynamic stability and performance, with modifications aimed at improving flight characteristics and enriching player experience.
PURPOSE This study aimed to compare body composition, physical fitness, maximum muscle strength, and blood lactate concentration according to the level of aerobic capacity in Keirin cyclists. METHODS Forty-four Keirin cyclists participated in this study and were divided into three groups: the top 20% VO2max group (TG, n=9), the middle 20% VO2max group (MG, n=9), and the low 20% VO2max group (LG, n=9). The study measured body composition, physical fitness, maximum muscle strength, and blood lactate concentration in Keirin cyclists. Differences between groups were determined using one-way ANOVA analysis. RESULTS Body weight, percentage of body fat, and body mass index were significantly higher in the LG than in the TG and MG. The vertical jump and maximum muscle strength were significantly higher in the TG and MG than in the LG. Additionally, blood lactate concentrations immediately after exhaustive exercise and during the 5-minute recovery periods were higher in the LG than in the TG and MG. Moreover, the time to exhaustion, HRmax and maximum power were the highest in the TG. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest new information that levels of aerobic capacity in male Keirin cyclists might be a crucial predictor of cycling performance and recovery ability.
