PURPOSE This study examined the relations among role modeling, sports confidence, and perfectionism to provide foundational insights into nurturing positive sports confidence in student swimmers. METHODS The survey included a total of 237 middle and high school swimmers registered with organizations under the Korean Sport and Olympic Committee. The analysis included data from 231 participants after excluding 6 insincere responses. The construct validity of the measurement tools was assessed using confirmatory factor analysis, while the basic characteristics of the measured variables and their interrelations were examined using descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Moderating effects were tested using PROCESS Macro Model 1. RESULTS First, role modeling (r =.274–.471, p <.05) and perfectionistic striving (r =.301–.428, p <.05) showed a positive relation with sports confidence. Second, perfectionistic concern (r =−.056 to −.218, p <.05) was negatively associated with sport-confidence. Third, in the relation between role modeling and sports confidence, the moderating effect of perfectionistic concern was not significant whereas that of perfectionistic striving was statistically significant(ΔR 2=.019, p <.05). CONCLUSIONS Perfectionistic striving may play a positive role in enhancing student swimmers’ sports confidence. Specifically, striving for perfection may facilitate sports confidence improvement among athletes who observe and emulate their role models’ performance and behaviors.
PURPOSE This study analyzes the elementary physical education (PE) instructor system and identifies patterns of change and their underlying causal mechanisms. METHODS The study examines the systems that define the qualifications and roles of elementary school instructors, focusing on the subject specialist teacher system, the secondary-to-elementary teacher system, and the sports instructor system. These systems are analyzed using an integrated approach that combines morphogenetic theory and historical institutionalism. RESULTS First, during the implementation of the subject specialist teacher system, structural and institutional conditions created a necessary/incompatible relationship between the government and the education sector. This led to a compromise interaction, resulting in the implementation of the subject specialist teacher system. This change represents a case of morphogenesis, following a pattern of gradual change through displacement. Second, during the implementation of the secondary-to-elementary teacher system, structural and institutional conditions produced a contingent/incompatible relationship between the government and the education sector. Consequently, a competitive interaction occurred, leading to the establishment of the secondary-to-elementary teacher system. This change is also classified as morphogenesis, with a pattern of gradual change through layering. Third, during the implementation of the sports instructor system, structural and institutional conditions fostered a contingent/compatible relationship between the government and the education sector. This resulted in an opportunistic interaction, culminating in the adoption of the sports instructor system. This change is considered morphogenesis and exhibits a pattern of radical change. Fourth, during the coexistence period of multiple elementary PE instructor systems, structural and institutional conditions created a necessary/compatible relationship between the government and the education sector. As a result, a defensive interaction occurred, leading to institutional path dependency and morphostasis. CONCLUSIONS This study presents three key findings. First, the education sector's role as an active agent in shaping changes to the elementary PE instructor system has gradually diminished. Second, institutional changes have been implemented in ways that promote openness and enhance PE expertise. Third, these changes have not addressed the fundamental challenges facing elementary PE.
PURPOSE This study investigated the relations among professional golfers’ evaluative concerns over perfectionism, psychache, psychological flexibility, and retirement intention. METHODS A total of 216 professional golfers answered questionnaires on perfectionism, psychache, psychological flexibility, and retirement intention. The collected data were subjected to descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and path analysis via SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 22.0. RESULTS First, “doubts about action” perfectionism and socially prescribed perfectionism positively affect psychache, but “concerns over mistakes” perfectionism has no significant effect on psychache. Second, “concerns over mistakes” perfectionism and “doubts about action” perfectionism negatively influence psychological flexibility, but socially prescribed perfectionism has no significant impact on psychological flexibility. Third, psychache positively influences retirement intention, and psychological flexibility negatively affects retirement intention. CONCLUSIONS Psychache and psychological flexibility depend on professional golfers’ evaluative concerns over perfectionism, and retirement intention is shaped by psychache and psychological flexibility. In addition, this study discussed its implications and provided suggestions for future research.
