Korea Sports Association for the Disabled have a responsibility for sports promotion of the disabled. After the launch of the organization 10 years have passed and now there ara a lot of achievement and challenges. By applying the system theory there ware derived many performance and ahallenge. First, in terms of system boundaries the organization requires an understanding of several related businesses within government departments and sports organizations to promote cooperation between business needs to enhance the professionalism. Second, in terms of the production system the organization requires specialization of the purpose, division of labor according to the principles of the process of professionalization, specialization according to the needs of beneficiaries, according to demographic characteristics. Third, in terms of keeping system the degree of formalization of business rules and procedures to enhance the selection, training, compensation of employees is necessary to improve the system and gather the information you need to perform tasks. Forth, in terms of adaptive systems research budget in view of the research need to be carried out as planned and secured by business efficiency and effectiveness, and to ensure accountability through evaluation utilizing external experts in departmental organizational diagnosis and assessment. Fifth, in terms of organization and management system there are necessary to affiliate effort to resolve the conflict between the hierarchical and reward trade-offs and goal setting and the use of resources allocation, substantiality of performance evaluation. Sixth, Five kinds of systems that require priority sector innovation efforts in the production system, management system, adaptive systems, maintenance systems, boundary systems in order.
Drawing on the studies of implicit ways of teaching (Choi, 2002; Fenstermacher, 1990; Hasen, 2001; Oakeshott, 1989; van Manen, 1991), the aim of this study is to examine the educational effects of indirect teaching behavior (ITB), a new approach of researching teacher behavior, in order to better understand well-rounded education in the field of physical education. An ethnographically informed case study based on participant observation (eight months, 8th grade two co-ed physical education classes) was employed to produce a thick description of the ITB. Participant observation was supported by video recordings of classes, photos of students, questionnaires and interview, and teacher's self-report. Through inductive analysis of the data, we found that ITB had a powerful influence on forming a positive classroom atmosphere in relation to fun, active and moral. The positive atmosphere played a pivotal role in encouraging students' social and moral development including respecting their teacher, cooperating with other friends, learning the intrinsic value of physical education, and reflecting themselves. An understanding of ITB will help expand the way in which educators view teaching methods and studies in physical education beyond the dominant approach to techniques-oriented teaching in that ITB can be seen as essential content for holistic development of students. In this sense, this paper suggested that researchers and teacher educators need to re-examine the power of ITB in regard to teacher's professional competence in physical education and teacher education (PETE). For future research of ITB, it is necessary to explore what and how key personal and social-cultural factors impact teachers' ITB as is currently being conducted in the realm of teaching.
Recently, there have been diverse types of physical activities supported by government policy in S. Korea. However, these activities may not be effective if they do not reach to moderate to vigorous level. This study designed school physical education system based on SPARK program, which include traditional physical education, sports club based physical activity, after school physical activity, and Saturday physical activity, to evaluate its effectiveness associated with physical fitness and empirical meanings of physical activity. This study employed a mixed method research paradigm for better understanding. Among various mixed method paradigm stances, this study employed "blending strategy" for complementary analysis. First of all, the effectiveness in health condition was evaluated by quantitative data. Specifically, physical fitness and lifestyle were analyzed by Helmas, IPAQ, and Accelerometer respectively. Second, empirical meanings of physical activity were analyzed by both Photovoice and in-depth interview which are qualitative research method. The result of this study first showed that a specially designed school physical activity program based on the SPARK contributed to improve students' physical fitness and lifestyle as well, however, there were important differences between male and female students. Second, physical achievement, alteration of spatiotemporal meaning, and change of societal relationship emerged as important themes. Further, these themes showed that they played an important role to maintain students' motivation in physical activity and consequently physical activity promotion was invigorated in school. Based on these results, we synthesized investment factors and process factors and outcome factors respectively. Finally, we suggested alternative teaching methods and suggestions for following research to overcome gender issues.
This study was purposed to explore psychological change and regulation process during badminton competition. The data were conducted using group interviews and participation observations who 18 K college badminton players. The data were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding based on grounded theory method (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). The results were as follows: Open coding results, 89 concepts, 44 subcategories, and 18 categories emerged as psychological change and regulation process during badminton competitions. Axial coding results, the categories are showed structural relationships such as performance, score, psychological momentum, the importance of competition, court environment, physical condition, competition strategy, psychological preparation, past experience, outcome expectation, psychological disturbance, psychological skills, game situation-changing strategy, support-seeking strategy, significant others' behavior, the opponents' behavior, psychological resilience, and maintenance psychological disturbance. Selective coding results, core category of this study was revealed to maintain psychological homeostasis. Environmental context during badminton competitions causes specific situations and events that evoke psychological disturbance. In turn, a player seeks mental and behavioral strategies to maintain psychological homeostasis. There is psychological homeostasis mechanism during badminton competitions for peak performance. Development of proper interest for psychological homeostasis will be improved through this research approach in sport psychology.
The purpose of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the performance capability of lunge movements by performing lunge movements which are commonly used as a method of instant physical movement in sports with a kinetic analysis including an EMG analysis. This research targeted 14 skilled fencers and made the subjects perform kick-lunges which allow them to go farthest from their positions and performed an analysis on such, applying a 3D motion analysis system and an EMG system. The subjects performed kick-lunges in two movements; one with a preliminary movement and the other without it and those are performed with both dominant leg and non-dominant leg. The result of this research is as follows. The lunges with a preliminary movement showed higher performance capability than those without it. Furthermore, as the level of skills gets higher, the length of lunges gets longer, and it seemed that a tactical mechanism shortening exercise performance times was used as a mechanism to control the impulse coming from such lengthened lunges. In addition, a difference appeared in mechanical factors such as moment and power in a dominant leg movement and it seemed to result from a difference in an functional capability using muscles.
The purpose of this study was to examine that the reciprocal relationship between every 5km and full course running time record. In this study we extended our research scope to investigate whether any notable running time differences were existed among top level of marathoners. Comparisons were made using data which were drawn from 34 championship competitions had been held between year 2000 and year 2009 in Korea. Total 340 full time data was obtained from 340 marathoners who successfully completed their 42.195km running race, and divided into one of two categories, either upper ranked group (URG, ranked 1st~5th position in competitions they participated) or lower ranked group (LRG, ranked 6th~10th position in competitions they participated). Mean and standard deviation were calculated from SPSS (VER. 20.0), and repeated measures of ANOVA and Pearson's correlation was adopted to perform statistical analyses. There was no statistical difference of the running record during first 5km, however running time form all other 5km running sections was significantly faster in URG than LRG (p<.001). The gap of running time record between URG and LRG was getting more and more significant after 20km running. The quickest running record was found during 2nd 5km section (i.e., 5~10 km) and the each section's race time was getting drastically slower during 6th~7th 5km section running regardless of the study groups. Drawn conclusions from this study were that athletes use the strategy of deciding victory in both the beginning and the latter phase of marathon running. This implies that athletes who have the capacity, which make them run faster than others during the very beginning of marathon competition, and/or during 25~35km running sections would be the most preferable for the victory at the finish line.
It has been known that β-alanine supplementation induce the increment of carnosine in vivo and was effective in delaying fatigue by buffering the hydrogen which was formed during exercise. This study was designed to investigate the effects of 4 weeks of β-alanine supplementation on physical fitness and blood lactate concentration in middle school soccer players. Nineteen middle school soccer players were randomly assigned to either one of two groups, i.e., β-alanine group (n=10) and placebo group (n=9). Subjects in β-alanine group consumed β-alanine 2 g/day during 1st and 2nd week, as well as 3 g/day during 3rd and 4th week, whereas subjects in placebo group consumed maltodextrin in the same manner. All subjects ate same menu and trained same amount at the same training camp during the intervention period. Body composition, aerobic capacity, anaerobic capacity, isokinetic function, and blood lactate concentration during maximal GXT were measured at pre- and post-test. Main results of the present test were as follows: 1) Fat mass and percent body fat decreased significantly in β-alanine group. 2) No significant changes were found in variables related to aerobic capacity in both groups. 3) Average power increased significantly in β-alanine group. 4) Isokinetic muscular endurance increased significantly in β-alanine group. 5) Blood lactate concentration did not change in eithet group; however, blood lactate concentration immediately after maximal GXT in β-alanine group tended to be increased more than placebo group. It was concluded that β-alanine supplementation would have positive effects for improvement of body composition, anaerobic capacity, and muscular endurance in middle school soccer players.
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of treadmill exercise and bright light exposure on serotonin expression in rat brain. Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly assigned into four groups (n=9 in each group), specifically, control group (CG), exercise group (EG), light group (LG), and exercise+light group (ELG). Rats in EG were subjected to treadmill exercise (5 days/week, 30 min/day), LG rats exposed (5 days/week, 30 min/day, 10,000 Lux), ELG rats subjected to treadmill exercise in combination with exposure, and CG rats remained sedentary over a four-week period. We observed a significant increase in serotonin expression in the raphe obscurus nucleu and the midbrain of rats in EG, LG, and ELG, compared to CG. Interestingly, serotonin expression was significantly increased in ELG, compared to EG and LG in the raphe obscurus nucleu via immunohistochemistry. In the western blot, it showed a increased pattern in ELG, compared to EG and LG. The overall results showed that treadmill exercise and/or bright light had positive effects on serotonin expression in the brain. Therefore, we suggest that moderate exercise or exposure to bright light during a growth child may be beneficial in brain action.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of 12-weeks of vitamin D supplementation and circuit training on skeletal muscle mass in elderly women with type 2 diabetes mellitus and vitamin D deficiency. Forty eight elderly women with type-2 diabetes mellitus and vitamin D deficiency were randomly assigned to control(n=10), vitamin D supplement(n=11), exercise(n=12), and vitamin D supplement+exercise(n=15) groups. Dependent variables were measured before and after the 12-week interventions. Major outcomes included body composition, fasting glucose, insulin, and 25(OH)D concentration. ASM(apeendicular skeletal muscle mass), SMI(skeletal muscle mass), and HOMA-IR (homeostasis model for insulin resistance) were calculated. Women assigned to the vitamin D supplement consumed 1,200 IU of vitamin D orally per week for 12 weeks. Women assigned to the exercise intervention performed a circuit training at an intensity of 60%~80% of HRmax with a frequency of 3 days per week for 12 weeks. Compared to control group, all groups had significant loss of body weight and increases in serum 25(OH)D after the 12-week intervention. ASM and SMI increased significantly in only vitamin D+exercise group. Regardless of treatments, no significant group differences were found in changed scores of fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR. In conclusion, vitamin D + exercise would improve the loss of ASM and SMI compared with vitamin D or exercise alone.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect on Electro-chemical screen and anaerobic exercise capacity caused by short-term weight loss in amateur boxing players. Subjects of this study were 10 male university boxing player who conducted to weight loss methods. In 1st weight loss, boxing players took rapid weight loss during 5-7days, In 2nd weight loss, boxing players took weight loss 3kg during 2 weeks. The change of ECS and anaerobic exercise capacity were measured before and after weight loss period. Anaerobic exercise capacity was measured by 1RM of bench press and squat. In addition, using the wing-gate test muscle power and power endurance was evaluated. To find out the changes in ECS, urine and saliva was collected after waking up were analyzed. The results were as follow. First, 1RM of squat(p=.003), peak power(p=.023) and mean power(p=.015) showed significant decrease after 1st weight loss method. However in 2nd weight loss method, no factor of ECS and anaerobic exercise capacity were significantly decreased. Second, total urea(p=.015), urine rH2(p=.017), urine conductivity(p=.003), and utilization of vitamin(p=.005) showed significant decrease after 1st weight loss method. However in 2nd weight loss method, urine conductivity(p=.038) and saliva rH2(p=.028) showed significant increase after weight loss. In conclusion, amateur boxing players need a systematic weight loss to maintain optimal conditioning.
