The ACTN3 R577X polymorphism has been associated with an elite athletes status. Several studies have determined that the R allele is connected with power-oriented athletic performance, whereas the nonfunctional XX genotype may give some beneficial effect for endurance performance. The main aim of the study was to determine the possible interaction between the ACTN3 R577X polymorphism and an power-oriented athlete status in Korean elite athletes(wrestling 31, judo 13, boxing 16, fencing 6, cycle 16, ≤400m athlete 18). Each athletes performed a 30-second WAPtest with a resistance equal to 7.5% for male and 5% for female body weight. Genotyping for the ACTN3 R577X (rs1815739) polymorphism was performed using the TaqMan approach. The ACTN3 R577X genotypes exhibited a HardyWeinberg equilibrium distribution in our population. The relative and absolute average power results of the 30-second Wingate test did not differ significantly among the genotypes. However, the relative peak power result of the Wingate test was significantly higher in the R-allele- dominant model groups than in the XX group in male but not female athletes. These results suggest that the ACTN3 R allele is associated with the relative peak power during the Wingate test in male Korean elite athletes.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of training methods on body composition, isokinetic strength and muscle endurance, cardiopulmonary function, and anaerobic power in female judo players. Methods Subjects performed weight training (n=10) and circuit weight training (n=10) consisting of 10 sports items for 12 weeks. In order to analyze the effects of training, body composition, isokinetic strength and muscle endurance, cardiopulmonary function, and anaerobic power were measured and the effect of training was verified. Results First, the comparison of body composition between WT and CWT groups showed that significant interaction effect between group and period was found in all variables (weight: F=1082.694, p=.001, body fat mass F=199.999, p=.001; skeletal muscle mass F=2481.698, p=.001, and percentage body fat: F=496.246, p=.001). Second, there was a significant interaction effect between group and duration in shoulder muscle strength and knee endurance (EPTL: F=6.598, p=.019; EAPL: F=12.860, p=.002). Conclusions The result of this study showed that the interaction effect between period and group was not significant according to the training method but the overall effect of the circuit weight training group was more positive than the weight training group. Therefore, it can be concluded that the 12 weeks circuit weight training can contribute to improve the performance of female Judo players by improving body composition, strength and muscle endurance, cardiopulmonary function and anaerobic power.
PURPOSE This study investigated the correlation between anaerobic power and maximum muscle strength in relation to core muscle strength among Korean national golfers. METHODS A total of 96 national golfers (53 females and 43 males) participated in the study. Body composition was assessed using multi-frequency impedance devices, while core and lower extremity muscle strength (extension, flexion, flex/ex ratio) was measured using isokinetic strength tests. Anaerobic power was evaluated through peak power, average power, and power drop rate tests conducted on bicycle ergometers, along with one-repetition maximum (1RM) tests for squats and bench presses. Mean and standard deviation values were calculated for all variables, and linear regression analysis was performed to verify correlations, with statistical significance set at α=.05. RESULTS The comparison of physical characteristics between male and female national golfers revealed significant differences in age, height, body fat percentage, lean body mass, and weight. There was a strong correlation between core muscle strength and isokinetic lower extremity muscle strength. Additionally, a strong correlation was observed between core muscle strength and anaerobic power and between peak power and average power. Furthermore, there was a high correlation between core muscle strength and bench press and squat maximum muscle strength. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the correlation between various professional physical fitness variables of Korean national golfers over the past decade. The findings are expected to provide valuable insights for coaches and players in developing future training programs.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop the estimating equations for 4 types of Wingate Anaerobic test setting. METHODS 80 male elite athletes performed 4 trials of the Wingate Anaerobic test by each type. Subjects were conducted the retest one week later. Data collected from the Wingate Anaerobic test included mean power, peak power, and power drop for 30s were measured. Coefficient of correlation was used for validity of type 1(DOS version) and the other types(ver. 2.24, 3.3.0, and 3.2.1). Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to examine the reliability of test and retest. Simple regression analysis was used for calculating the estimating equation. RESULTS There was significant correlation for absolute value(Watt, p<.01) and relative value(Watt/kg, p<.01) of mean power, absolute value(W, p<.01), relative value(Watt/kg, p<.05), and power drop rate(%, p<.01). Test and retest reliability was excellent for all test variables(p<.01). CONCLUSIONS From the all results, the estimating equation was calculated to convert all outputs from each type to the other types of the Wingate Anaerobic test setting. These findings suggest that the estimating equations are compatiable to 4 types of Wingate Anaerobic test setting.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of six-weeks intermittent hypoxic training at 3,000 m hypobaric hypoxic condition on aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity in competitive swimmers. Methods South Korean swimmers (n=20) were randomly assigned into training at sea-level (n=10, intermittent normoxic training group; INT) and training at 526 torr corresponding to 3,000 m hypobaric hypoxic condition (n=10, intermittent hypoxic training group; IHT). The participants completed an aerobic continuous treadmill training (30 min) within 80%HRmax and anaerobic interval bicycle training (10 times; 2 min of exercise and 1 min of rest) for 30min within 90%HRmax in each environment. We compared their aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity before and after six-weeks of training. Exercise frequency was 1 hour, 3 days per a week, and during 6 week. Results In aerobic exercise capacity, PWC at 75%HRmax, estimated VO2 max, and exercise time were increased by training in only the IHT group. Estimated VO2 at 75%HRmax was increased by training in both groups, but presented a larger increase tendency in the IHT group compared with the INT group. In anaerobic exercise capacity, peak anaerobic power and fatigue index were increased by training in only the IHT group. Blood lactate level after wingate test were decreased by training in both groups, but the IHT group have a lower blood lactate level in after training compared with the INT group. Conclusion In our study, we did not measure to various dependent variables for support to enhancement of aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. However, these results showed that the IHT method may be effective in improvement of exercise performance in competitive swimmers who participates in a variety of events from short to long distance.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect on Electro-chemical screen and anaerobic exercise capacity caused by short-term weight loss in amateur boxing players. Subjects of this study were 10 male university boxing player who conducted to weight loss methods. In 1st weight loss, boxing players took rapid weight loss during 5-7days, In 2nd weight loss, boxing players took weight loss 3kg during 2 weeks. The change of ECS and anaerobic exercise capacity were measured before and after weight loss period. Anaerobic exercise capacity was measured by 1RM of bench press and squat. In addition, using the wing-gate test muscle power and power endurance was evaluated. To find out the changes in ECS, urine and saliva was collected after waking up were analyzed. The results were as follow. First, 1RM of squat(p=.003), peak power(p=.023) and mean power(p=.015) showed significant decrease after 1st weight loss method. However in 2nd weight loss method, no factor of ECS and anaerobic exercise capacity were significantly decreased. Second, total urea(p=.015), urine rH2(p=.017), urine conductivity(p=.003), and utilization of vitamin(p=.005) showed significant decrease after 1st weight loss method. However in 2nd weight loss method, urine conductivity(p=.038) and saliva rH2(p=.028) showed significant increase after weight loss. In conclusion, amateur boxing players need a systematic weight loss to maintain optimal conditioning.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to compare the maximal strength, isokinetic muscle function and anaerobic capacity according to the position of college and professional rugby players. Methods Subjects for this study were 54 athletes and randomly divided into 4 groups: the forwards group in college rugby players (FCRP, n = 10), backs group in college rugby players (BCRP, n = 16), forwards group in professional rugby players (FPRP, n = 16), and backs group in professional rugby players (BPRP, n = 12). Physical fitness was consisted of squat, bench press, bilateral grip strength. Isokinetic knee and trunk muscle functions were measured by Humac Norm device, and anaerobic pedaling power was analyzed by Wingate test. Significant differences between groups were determined with one-way repeated ANOVA. Results As the result of this study, there was no statistically significant difference between the absolute and relative values of the squat and bilateral grip strengths, but bench press was significantly higher in FPRP and BPRP compared to other groups. Isokinetic knee and trunk extensor and flexor muscle strength showed stronger in FPRP and BPRP than those in FCRP and BCRP. In addition, the anaerobic pedaling power was also the highest in FPRP and BPRP. Conclusions Our findings suggest important information that the college rugby players and forwards in professional rugby team should be given scientific training to improve their maximum strength, isokinetic strength and anaerobic power.
Purpose This study was conducted to analyze the differences of physical characteristics focused on the physique, strength, and power for cycling national athletes (Sprint cyclists and Road race cyclists). Methods We measured various factors (e.g., height, weight, body fat ratio, thigh circumference, waist circumference, anaerobic power, isokinetic muscular strength, muscle power, squat jump by 1RM intensity, and so on) for a total 11 male cycling national athletes (5 Sprint cyclists and 6 Road race cyclists). Results First, the body composition showed the significant differences only in weight (p=0.31) and BMI (p=.001) for Sprint cyclists. Second, the values of the anaerobic power for the Sprint cyclists were significantly higher than those for the Road race cyclists only at peak power (p=0.28), whereas there was no significant difference in average power, isokinetic muscular strength, and muscle power between the two groups. Third, the isokinetic trunk flexion muscle (p = .016) for the Sprint cyclists were significantly higher than those for the Road race cyclists. Fourth, the significant difference in Time to Peak Torque was not found between two groups. Fifth, the values for the Sprint cyclists showed the significant difference in all 5 intensity groups (0%, 30%, 50%, 60%, and 80%) (p=.001) of the squat jump. Also, there was a statistically significant difference only in 0% velocity between the two groups, except for exercise intensity. Conclusions From the various measures between two groups, the Sprint cyclists relatively showed the high weight, BMI (muscle mass), and maximum power. Additionally, the isokinetic trunk flexion muscle and the squat jump were higher in the Sprint cyclists than the Road race cyclists. These data may be used as basic data to improve the physical fitness factors related to the athletic performance of the athletes by reflecting them in the effective training plan and evaluation of the athletes.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of a power-specific weight training program in order to improve the muscle strength of Korean national team’s freestyle wrestlers. Methods Participants were 13 male athletes in the national freestyle wrestling team. The period of the program was 6 weeks. Muscle strength, muscular endurance, muscle power, flexibility, agility, cardiorespiratory endurance, anaerobic power and isokinetic muscle function were measured. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 23.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Paired t-test was conducted for comparison between pre-test and post-test score. Results There were significant difference and tendency in the leg isokinetic power and trunk isokinetic flexion strength. However, there was no significant difference in muscle strength, muscular endurance, muscle power, flexibility, agility and cardiorespiratory endurance. Conclusion The 6-week program focusing on the power-specific weight training indicated a significant difference not in every variable but in isokinetic muscle power, speed power and core strength. It is suggested that the training program was applied to the athletes less continuously and not in the long term because of frequent international games abroad and the need for losing weight. Consequently, a year-long training program with personalized methods should be developed to bring about more significant outcomes.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 3 weeks of fencing specific training on physical fitness in elite fencers. Methods Forty eight elite fencers participated in this program (Male= 24, Female= 24). Training program consists of dynamic stretching, step and agility training, and it was conducted with the general fencing practice during 3 weeks. Body composition and physical fitness (muscle strength/power, agility, anaerobic power and flexibility) were measured before and after training. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics ver. 23.0 (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Paired t-test (pre vs. post) was used for comparison between groups. Results Muscle mass and body fat(%) were significantly changed after training in male group. Agility was significantly improved in change-step jump and reaction time after training both in male and female group. In Anaerobic power, peak power (relative power, absolute power) was significantly increased after training in female group. Flexibility was also significantly improved after training in left ankle ROM of female group. Conclusion Application of fencing specific training program focused on fencing movement seems to be effective on agility in both groups, muscle mass and body fat(%) in male group, and anaerobic power and flexibility in female group.
