Purpose The following study was conducted to suggest and verify the validity of the concept of team performance, which has previously been considered as the total sum of individual performances. Method The concept of team performance was extracted by a conductive content analysis and an exploratory factor analysis of the data gathered from middle school football players. To verify the validity of the extracted concept, football experts' opinions were collected. Results The idea of team performance, categorized by Footballship, Team Capability, Personal Capability, Communication among Members, has been taken differently from the total sum of individual performances. Footballship is the virtue that should be materialized, and simultaneously earned during the game. Team Capability is a available resource for team's performance, Personal Capability is a available resource for a player's performance, and Communication among Members is the intimacy of communication between coaches and players. The conglomeration of experts' opinions on the concept of team performance and its components shows that team performance is evidently different from the total sum of individual performances. Conclusion The following study has been conducted to suggest and verify the validity of the concept of team performance. Team performance exists, standing distinct from the sum of individual performance, and understanding the concept of team performance will contribute not only to understanding performance, but also to improve the effectiveness of training and managing the team. Interest of the sport society is looked forward to.
The purpose of this study was to verify the effect on elementary school students in the exercise start stage by performing a sport psychological skill training to improvement of psychological skill and life skill. Participants were eight elementary school boys volleyball player. The program consisted of psychological skills and life skills in educational counseling model of Visek et al(2009). It was conducted 40-50 minutes a session in total for 22 sessions. Data was collected through a psychological test, worksheet and participant observation, in-depth interviews. The collected data was analyzed to verify difference by paird t-test after pre-middle-post test and to extract meaningful data category. Quantity analysis showed that a result of sport psychological skill test proved a significant difference in willingness to overcome, confidence, concentration, anxiety regulation. Life skill test were no significant differences in all factors. However, the rise of scores was observed on result of the pre-middle paired t-test of life skill during season. Quality analysis showed possibility of goal setting, concentration on the routine, decrease of competitive anxiety, increase of positive thinking, self-understanding and understanding of others, promotion of communication among team members. This sport psychology skill training had a significant effect on the psychological skills of elementary players change. But it seems to be necessary life skills in a more through review of the information.
PURPOSE This study compares the effects of video group and metaverse group counseling for student athletes to analyze differences in immersion, sychological skills learning effects, and each approach’s participation experiences. METHODS Twenty-four high school archery students were divided into three groups: a metaverse experimental, a video comparison, and a control group. For the experimental and comparative groups, 10 non-face-to-face psychological skills training sessions were conducted. With the control group, results were compared and analyzed by measuring psychological skills and social presence pre- and post-training. Additionally, analysis of the qualitative effects of psychological skills training was performed. RESULTS The psychological skill test’s quantitative analysis of the video comparison group showed a more significant effect in anxiety control factors than the metaverse experimental and the control groups. Moreover, in the social presence test, both the metaverse and the video groups showed significant differences in social presence and satisfaction; furthermore, Scheff post-verification results showed that the two environments’ satisfaction was significantly higher than that of the control group. Qualitative analysis confirmed that the metaverse and video groups experienced psychological, technical, and relational changes in common. CONCLUSIONS Although the metaverse group using avatars was likely to increase immersion, both the video and the metaverse groups were effective in psychological skills training, suggesting that the training effect may vary depending on the non- face-to-face environment’s stability and participation method. Future studies should examine effects of applying the metaverse platform to sports psychological skills training and various psychological support activities by solving the metaverse environment’s technical limitations.
PURPOSE By analyzing trends in Taekwondo demonstrations, specifically in breaking and performances, to date, this study aims to offer timely insights and set the groundwork for future research. METHODS We used Korean abstracts from a total of 425 papers containing the keyword “Taekwondo demonstrations” spanning 20 years from April 2004 to April 2023. We employed Python 3.5.2 to conduct dynamic topic modeling (Latent Dirichlet Analysis, LDA) and to examine the correlation between the topic distribution by section and the publication year. RESULTS The main findings from the LDA are as follows. Topic 1 (10%): “The development of demonstrations: performance in culture and art, ” Topic 2 (11%): “The development of formalized rules and judgments in a demonstration event,” Topic 3 (08%): “A study on the educational courses and professionalism of Taekwondo coaches,” Topic 4 (11%): “Technical movements and kinematic characteristics,” Topic 5 (09%): “A study on marketing perspectives of demonstration performances,” and Topic 7 (33%): “Global exchange: the development and rise of internationalization.” In the correlation analysis between the topic share by section and the publication year, Topics 1 to 5 exhibited no statistically significant correlation. However, Topic 6, “A study on the attainment of events, training, and the psychological factors influencing athletes” and Topic 7, “Global exchange: the development and rise of internationalization,” also displayed a very statistically significant but negative correlation. CONCLUSIONS Future research should focus on studies on the psychological management of athletes during the performance of specific techniques and training methods. Further research considering the global characteristics of Taekwondo may be required.
PURPOSE This study investigates the effectiveness of biomechanics information on intermediate golfers driver swing learning. It analyzes changes in center of pressure (COP) patterns, GRF Direction Inclination, driver performance, and learners psychological responses to determine the learning effects. METHODS Subjects were 32 right-handed male golfers (handicap 15-23) who had no difficulty in performing the golf driver swing (Full swing). Four groups were selected, BF (Biomechanics Feedback group), BVC (Biomechanics Verbal Cue group), CB (Combination group), and CT (Control group), and assigned randomly. Driver swing learning showed results after 6 weeks,and a transfer test was conducted 1 week after the completion of the learning. RESULTS Analysis of COP patterns and GRF Direction Inclination indicated changes in the BF, BVC, and CB groups. Furthermore, analysis of driver distance (m), club head speed (km/h), and ball spin rate (rpm) revealed that during the 6-week acquisition phase, all three groups (excluding the control group) showed improvements in driver distance, club head speed, and ball spin rate. However, there were no statistically significant differences among the groups. In contrast, the transfer test showed statistically significant differences among the groups, with the CB group exhibiting the highest driver distance. Learners' psychological responses during the learning process were trust, understanding, and satisfaction. The understanding factor was relatively higher in the CB and BVC groups compared to the BF group. CONCLUSIONS In summary, biomechanics information (BI) was effective in improving driver performance, and changesappeared in the COP pattern and GRF Direction Inclination, indicating a change in movement. Therefore, BI can be fully utilized for athletes or high-level advanced players and for motor learning for intermediate-level students.However, BI can only improve learning effects by strengthening learners' “understanding” when visual feedback forms and verbal cues are provided together.
Purpose The aim of this study was to examine how middles school students in physical education class perceived relations between parental and teacher’s autonomy support, enjoyment, self-efficacy, academic effort, and P · E class flow. This study also investigate the mediating effects of enjoyment, self-efficacy, and academic effort on the relations between parental autonomy support and P · E class flow and between teacher’s autonomy support and P · E class flow. Methods For this study, 323 middle school students completed surveys to measure their perceptions of parental and teacher’s autonomy support, enjoyment, self-efficacy, academic effort, and P · E class flow. SPSS 24.0 was used to calculate descriptive statistics, reliability, and correlations. Amos 22.0 was utilized for confirmatory factor analysis, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and structural equation modeling. Additionally, 2000 bootstrap samples were requested for the mediation effect analysis. Results First, parental autonomy support was positively predictive of enjoyment and self-efficacy. Second, teacher’s autonomy support positively influenced enjoyment and self-efficacy. Third, enjoyment and self-efficacy positively affected academic effort. Forth, academic effort was positively related to P · E class flow. Fifth, there were partial mediating effects of enjoyment, self-efficacy, and academic effort on the relationship between parental autonomy support and P · E class flow. Lastly, there were partial mediating effects of enjoyment, self-efficacy, and academic effort on the relationship between teacher’s autonomy support and P · E class flow. Conclusions The study found that teachers' autonomy support was stronger predictive of student’s P · E class flow in physical education class than parent's autonomy support was. The finding is meaningful in that it is worth providing and utilizing practical knowledge from an educational perspective.
Purpose This study was designed to develop a team building program that helps freshmen student-athletes to adapt to college life and enhance team function and process and to examine the effects of this program. It could provide basic information of a team building program that effectively accelerates team function in the college team sports domain. Methods The program was developed through this process. First, an open-ended questionnaire was utilized to discover the needs of the program. Second, the results of needs of the program and important factors of team-building program were taken into consideration. Third, expert meetings were conducted. Consequently, the program consisted of three stages of total 10 sessions which was 90 min long. The questionnaires(Group Cohesion Questionnaire and Coach-Athlete Relationship Questionnaire), experience report, and program evaluation form were used as measures to identify the effects of the developed program. SPSS version 24.0 and inductive analysis were used to analyze the data. Results The results of this study are as follows. First, there was no statistically significant influence between developed program and the level of group cohesion. In contrast, the level of coach-athlete interaction was significantly increased. Second, the analysis of experience report revealed that this program reduced interpersonal conflict between team members and formed positive interpersonal relationship by mind of respect and consideration. Conclusion In conclusion, the hierarchical culture was strongly formed and team member suffered from the dual role of athlete and student in Korean college team sports. Thus, these should be resolved in order to enhance team function and process. As a results, this process could increase team performance as well as offer psychological stability to college student-athletes.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to provide information for improving the performance and skills of 500 m speed skaters by analyzing the kinematic and kinetic changes in their slide board movements over time. METHODS The subjects were 10 male short-distance skaters in their 20s to 30s who were registered as professional athletes with the Korea Sports Council. The changes in joint angle, joint moment, and joint power over time in the subjects’ slide board motion were measured and analyzed. RESULTS It was found that during phase 2 of the skater’s slide board movement, there was an increase in plantar flexion and a decrease in flexion of the lower extremity joint and extension of the knee and hip joint, with decrease in positive power of the knee joint. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study are expected to provide practical information to skating coaches and athletes by quantifying the biomechanical factors observed over time during slide board movements. In addition, this study is expected to contribute to the field of speed skating by presenting scientific training methods and proposing new analysis techniques to improve performance in the future.
PURPOSE This study aimed to present the measures necessary to perform well in tennis clubs by examining the adaptation process of the MZ generation participating in tennis clubs. METHODS A qualitative case study was performed and data was collected through in-depth interviews, direct observations, and literature surveys. The data were analyzed by applying pattern matching among the analysis methods proposed by Yin (2014), and the reliability and validity of the study were demonstrated by consultations between colleagues, reviewing members, and comparing and analyzing previous studies. The study participants were seven MZ generation tennis club participants selected through snowball sampling (one of the non-probability samples). RESULTS Achieving a level of skill that allows for compatibility and the effort required for it, the acceptance of differences in club culture and between generations, having the etiquette necessary for Generation MZ, and falling for the charm of tennis itself were identified as factors for successful participation in tennis clubs. CONCLUSIONS This study is expected to help the MZ generation, who have recently been interested in tennis, continue their participation, as well as lay a small foundation for the expansion of the base of the sport by detailing the measures necessary to successfully participate in tennis clubs.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the integrated marketing communication (IMC) attribute of professional baseball teams, their fans’ perceived value, and voluntary behavior related to the parent company. METHODS In this study, the target population consisted of spectators watching a professional baseball game. A survey was conducted on 360 fans watching the KIA tigers’ and kt wiz’ home game using the convenience sampling method. Finally, a total of 261 were used for data analysis, and frequency, confirmatory factor, reliability, correlation, structural equation model analyses using SPSS 20.0 and AMOS 20.0. RESULTS Main findings are as follows: First, interactivity of professional baseball teams’ IMC had positive effects on the emotional value. Second, interactivity and reminders from the parent companies of professional baseball teams’ IMC had positive effects on social value. Third, stakeholder connectivity and reminders from parent company of professional baseball teams’ IMC had positive effects on altruistic value. Fourth, with regard to the social aspect, the fans’ perceived value had positive effects on loyalty, customer participation and customer cooperation of voluntary behavior related to parent company. Lastly, with regard to the altruistic aspect, the fans’ perceived value had positive effects on customer cooperation of voluntary behavior related to the parent company. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, professional baseball teams should identify the IMC elements that fans perceive as important and establish effective marketing communication strategies to enhance the perceived value of their brand among their fans, ultimately increasing their voluntary engagement with the parent company.
