[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to identify research trend regarding pro-sports and visualize keyword network by using semantic network analysis. [Methods] After searching researches about pro-sports from 1994 to 2016, total 686 researches selected. In this process, inappropriate researches were excluded by 2 researchers’ consensus. [Results] First, the distribution of the number of researches were arranged on pro-baseball, pro-football, pro-basketball, and pro-volleyball in that order. Second, fan, team, and athletes were main research subject. Third, quantitative researches were dramatically more than qualitative researches and mixed method researches. Forth, the proportion of co-working have increased with the course of time. Fifth, the number of keyword which are appeared in researches has increased with the course of time, it dramatically was increased at 2010. [Conclusion] Through these results, researches regarding pro-sports have been broaden with the course of time and interdisciplinary convergence researches with adjacent fields were performed. However, some keyboards were repeated and academic interest about rare keywords was decreased with the course of time. Therefore, scholars in sports field need to have a inquiring stance about novel variables and phenomenons
Purpose The purpose of this study is to review the governance of the 2018 Pyeong Chang Winter Olympic Organizing Committee (POCOG), and to suggest potential governance models for the next mega sport event organizing committee. Methods For this study, In-depth Interview was conducted on 5 subjects who were involved in the process of organizing Pyeong Chang Olympic Games internally and also externally. Throughout the interviews, the subjects were asked to answer questions about the leadership of POCOG management, working relationships among the staff members, and improvement plans for the next mega event. Results The results of the study are as follows: First, POCOG sat up a governmental system and then tried to blend government officials and people from private sector to run the committee; Second, POCOG leadership was not an effective to run an Olympic Organizing Committee; Third, there were not effective working relationships among the staff members in the committee; Lastly, the subjects proposed the future organizing committee to hire more experts, to establish some kind of system that can prevent the turnover, and to go for privatization with the limited involvement from the government. Conclusions Therefore, this study suggests that the future mega sport event organizing committee should implement effective governance in bring more experts, and keeping them from the beginning to the end of the event. Also the organizing committee should consider implementing corporate governance to run the committee with entrepreneurial mindset, and to create cooperative working environment among the committee members.
Purpose Philosophical inquiries into physical education and sport pedagogy(PESP) have not been active until lately. A renewed interested has grown as scholars in UK and European countries have begun philosophical analysis since 2000. This study purports to review the philosophical studies in PESP during the last 50 years, and to forecast the future of SP in Korea based on its strength and weakness. Methods Literature review is adopted as the main method, as the philosophical study requires the conceptual analysis on the ideas. The past research, current main studies and future prospects are analyzed according to the three layers of the professional, the theoretical, and the personal dimensions. Results First, in the professional dimension, the philosophical inquiry by the SP philosophers and the educational inquiry by the sport philosophers are identified. Second, in the theoretical dimension, the exploration on the nature of research in PESP, the suggestions of PE models, the examination of teaching-learning in PE, the promotion of teacher/coach education and professional development, and the analysis of PE curriculum issues and policies are actively produced. Third, in the personal dimension, the practitioner research by PE teacher/professor/coach and the self-study of sport coaches have are begun to be conducted. Conclusions For the prospect of PESP in Korea, it can be said that study in the first dimension would not be bright, where as those of the second and the third would be very good for the near future.
[Purpose] Perception plays an important role in understanding the environment or related objects in order for humans to perform physical movements more effectively. Sometimes they create different movements with different perceptions. Especially, visual perception errors that occur in sports situations can have a considerable effect on performance. Accurate knowledge of the environment in this process of perception is important in performing movements or actions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of learning formation on perception using Muller-Liar illusion diagrams. To measure this, we compared the feedback group that induced knowledge learning and the control group that did not provide knowledge To see if there is a difference. Therefore, in this study, we have provided a visual feedback that can establish the cognitive awareness of the actual stimuli length to subjects, and investigated the changes in their matching action responses. [Methods] A total of 32 young and healthy subjects were randomly divided into two groups (Feedback and Non-Feedback groups). Subjects were asked to match the stimulus size with their index fingers and thumbs. Initially (pre-test), three different visual stimuli (inward, outward, and no arrows) were randomly presented 60 times (20 times each) and the grip sizes were recorded using the Liberty Motion Analysis System (Polhemus Co., America). Then, video clips of two lines merging each other were presented as feedbacks. Post-test protocol was identical to the pre-test protocol. The data were analyzed using the 3-way ANOVA with one RM factor (2 x 3 x 2). [Results] Results showed a significant 2-way interaction effect. Post-hoc results showed significant interaction between stimulus shape and pre/post-tests only in the experimental group. There was a significant decrease in the grip size after feedback in the OUT condition of experimental group. However, in the control group, there was no interaction between stimulus shape and pre/post-tests. [Conclusion] Overall, current results indicates that, while visual illusion can affect the action, the provision of visual feedback can establish the awareness of actual stimulus size and suppress the influence of illusion on action.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of complex exercise and chromium supplement on healthe-related physical fitness, appetite regulating hormones, and diabetes risk factors in obese elementary school students. [Methods] The subjects were 32 obese elementary students over 25 kg/m2 to BMI, 8 complex exercise with high chromium supplement group (CE+HC), 8 complex exercise with low chromium supplement group (CE+LC), 8 complex exercise with placebo group (CE+PL), and 8 placebo group (PL). The subjects have performed the exercise program for 70 minutes a day and 3 times a week with aerobic and anaerobic exercise during 12 weeks. Also, low and high chromium supplement group took a peel 50 ug and 400 ug respectively at the same time and place. [Results] There were significant decreases in body fat to CE+HC compared with CE+PL (p<.05) and significant increase in muscle mass compared with CE+PL (p<.05). However, there were no significant differences in body weight, BMI, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and flexibility between groups. For appetite regulating hormones, there is a significant difference to ghrelin in CE+HC compared with CE+PL (p<.05) and there were significant differences to glucose and insulin significantly decreased in CE+HC compared with CE+PL (p<.05) in diabetes risk factors. [Conclusion] In conclusion, there were positive responses for body composition and diabetes risk factors for the twofold cases through complex exercise and high chromium supplement, but not for physical fitness and appetite regulating hormones.
Purpose Common content knowledge(CCK) is composed of rules, techniques, and tactics. Such knowledge is a requirement for effective teaching of physical education (PE). There are, however, few validated tests of CCK. Thus, the purpose of this study was to develop a CCK test of soccer and evaluate the validity and reliability of the test using Rasch modeling (Rasch, 1980). Methods We developed thirty item common content knowledge test for soccer. Then, we used Rasch modeling to evaluate the validity and reliability of a test of soccer. Pre-service teachers (N=92) majoring in physical education and non-PE major (N=111) participated in this study. Results Thirty questions demonstrated good item-model fit. Moderately high internal consistency for person-ability and high internal consistency for item-difficulty are reported. Both Infit and Outfit statistics showed a good fit between the data and the Rasch model. Conclusions The analysis provides evidence to support the validity and reliability of this instrument as a CCK test of soccer. Limitations of the study were discussed and suggestions were provided to improve the test.
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the impact of perceived service quality on satisfaction, and behavioral intention in migrant members of German sport clubs. Methods The questionnaire was structured in four sections: perceived service quality (four dimensions and 12 items), satisfaction (two items), and behavioral intention (two items). With data from 438 members of 33 sport clubs in western Germany, SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 23.0 were utilized to conduct factor analysis, reliability, validity, and structural equation modeling analysis. Results The results of this study indicated that (1) staff, sport program, interaction, and physical environment in perceived service quality had a significantly influence on satisfaction, (2) staff, sport program, and interaction significantly affected behavioral intention, and (3) satisfaction was found to have significantly impact on behavioral intention. Conclusions The delivery of high-quality services can promote satisfaction, which in turn lead to behavioral intention. The empirical results suggest that the practitioners and sport club mangers should understand the importance of perceived service quality for the retention of members in sport clubs.
[Purpose] The study was designed to examine the effects of a 10-week sports climbing training on body composition and surrogate indices of major lifestyle disease in obese elderly women. [Methods] Twenty elderly women, whose percent body fat was over 35%, were randomly assigned into one of two groups, i.e., sports climbing training group (TR: n=10) and control group (CON: n=10). The subjects in TR completed sports climbing training program with 5.8 and 5.9 of difficulty, at 11-13 of ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), 60 min/session, three sessions/wk for 10 weeks. Independent variables regarding body composition and major lifestyle disease, i.e., hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis, were measured and compared between two groups as well as between two tests simultaneously using a repeated two-way ANOVA. [Results] Regarding physique and body composition, there were significant interactions between group and test in body weight, body mass index, fat mass, and percent body fat. These variables decreased significantly in TR. 2) Regarding indices of hypertension, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean arterial pressure, and pulse pressure decreased significantly in TR. Regarding indices of dyslipidemia, triglyceride decreased significantly in TR. Regarding indices of atherosclerosis, TG/HDL-C ratio decreased significantly in TR. [Conclusions] It was concluded that the 10-week sports climbing training would be beneficial for reduction of body fat despite its’ influence on fat-free mass was limited, and would also contribute on improving surrogate indices of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis in obese elderly women. Future research investigating the effects of various period, intensity, duration, and frequency of sports climbing training would be warranted.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of recovery methods comparing with change ratio in Lactic acid(LA), Heart rate(HR), VAS(Visual analogue scale) on recovery patterns after field training(FT) in Korea National bobsleigh and skeleton players. [Methods] The tests were conducted for 3 times at a one-week interval as an experimental design within the same subjects(n=9), observed change ratio in LA, HR, VAS through applying Active recovery(AR), Whole body vibration(WBV) & Cold water immersion(CWI) after FT. [Results] The results were summarized as follows: The alteration of ratio in LA, HR, VAS decreased significantly after applying the three recovery patterns(p<.01). The difference between the groups showed that the reduction in lactic acid according to active recovery and whole-body vibration was higher than cold water immersion(p<.01). [Conclusion] In conclusion, although active recovery was more effective than static recovery, there was a significant effect of the three recovery methods in this study on reducing a fatigue in bobsleigh & skeleton players. Therefore, it would be considered to improve the performance of athletes when these methods apply for them depending on situations and environments.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to provide the physiological characteristics of female adults in their 30s by comparing the body composition and the maximal strength of the knee extension and flexion and bilateral ratio and ipsilateral ratio(H/Q: Hamstring and Quadriceps ratio) depending on age. [Methods] Body composition was measured by Hv-ps 7681(GE medical systems Lunar, USA). Isokinetic lower limb muscular strength was measured by Isomed2000(D&R Ferstl GMBH, Germany). 92 volunteers who were chosen by our selection criteria agreed to participate in our study. The participants were divided into three groups depending on age and classified as female adults in twenties(n=30), in thirties(n=34), in forties(n=28). To evaluate differences according to age, One-way ANOVA was used. [Results] The result in the test for female adults is as follows. In body composition, there were significant differences in lean mass, bone mineral density in the legs area among groups(p<.05). In isokinetic test, there were significant differences in muscular strength among groups in extensor of knee(p<.05). [Conclusion] The finding revealed that strength training based on the characteristics depending on age is required and ipsilateral ratio needs to be improved.
