PURPOSE The main purpose of this study was to examine the difference in visual search strategies based on the skill level in success and failure cases in badminton short serves. METHODS To this end, six badminton experts (experience: more than 10 years) and six novices (less than 1 years) participated. The participants’ eye movement was recorded during each trial, and mean fixation duration, mean saccade amplitude, percentage of viewing time on each fixation location, final fixation duration, and gaze entropy were analyzed. RESULTS First, the mean fixation duration did not differ significantly, but the mean saccade amplitude increased when expert players failed to perform the serve successfully. Second, the percentage of viewing time on each location results showed that the overall viewing time was lower when the performance was unsuccessful, and the expert players fixated longer time viewing the net and space when they made a successful serve. Third, expert players showed longer QE than novice players when they made a successful serve. Finally, the gaze entropy results showed that expert players showed greater gaze entropy during successful performance, indicating that the gaze pattern was randomly distributed across trials. CONCLUSIONS When learning a badminton serve, we should fully recognize and explore the receiver’s location and external environment, and subsequently, before initiating serve movement, focus on the net or space between the receiver’s racquet and shoulders to make a more successful performance. In addition, we should make various patterns of the visual search strategy, rather than the fixed or consistent search strategy, to deceive receivers.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an eye movement exercise intervention on cognitive function and prefrontal cortex connectivity in the elderly with mild cognitive impairment. METHODS Ten older adults with mild cognitive impairment participated in eye movement exercise consisting of saccadic eye movement, pursuit eye movement, vestibular-ocular eye movement, and vergence eye movement for 4 weeks. Cognitive function (MoCA-K), reaction time during stroop task, and prefrontal cortex connectivity were measured using the functional near-infrared spectrometric analyzer (fNIRS) before and after the intervention. RESULTS First, cognitive function of the elderly with mild cognitive impairment showed significant improvement after the eye movement exercise (p < .05). Second, reaction time decreased significantly from 1.16 to 0.91 ms after eye movement exercise. Third, the strength of prefrontal cortex connectivity (left OFC - right FPC, right OFC - right FPC) increased after the intervention in the older adults with mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that eye movement exercise is an effective intervention for improving cognitive function through improvement of brain functional connection in the elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to explore violence in the Korean sports world and examine the reality of sports violence in the past and present by reflecting the voices of the field and academia through an in-depth analysis. METHODS First, through a systematic literature analysis, the essential problems of sports violence that have been discussed in academia were explored. Next, based on this, perception was explored by applying a multi-case study method to an in-depth analysis of the opinions of experts in academia and the field. Finally, by deriving the research results and discussing them, implications for this study were provided. RESULTS First, the essential problem of sports ethics was the change in sports ethics perception that was different from the sports ethics problem caused by the diversification of victoryism. Second, the essential problems of sports violence were ethics and sports ethics in society with different standards, and the unaltered perception and culture of sports ethics. Third, the problems and causes of sports violence were institutional changes and practical limitations of physical violence, control of the possibility of violence, insensitive verbal violence, cyber violence as a new form violence due to changes in the times, and rationalizations of bystanders. CONCLUSIONS This study is expected to serve as a catalyst for the field and academia by exploring the phenomenon of sports violence in more depth through the problems of violence by type and its causes according to the changing times.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect size of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) in the sports field using a meta-analysis. METHODS After identifying related studies by using RISS, 22 articles were selected and used to analyze the relationship between UTAUT sub-factors (performance expectancy [PE], effort expectancy [EE], social influence [SI], and facilitating conditions [FC]) and intention to use via the comprehensive meta-analysis program. RESULTS The results are as follows: First, the effect size between PE and intention to use was 0.521. Second, the effect size between FC and intention to use was 0.514. Third, the effect size between EE and intention to use was 0.500. Finally, the effect size between SI and intention to use was 0.475. CONCLUSIONS Diverse strategies can be derived to increase consumers' intention to use in the sports field using the UTAUT model.
PURPOSE Sporting events constitute attractive platforms for providing participants with unique experiences. This study was aimed at investigating the structural relationships among perceived sporting event quality, image, trust, satisfaction, and loyalty of small-scale golf tournament participants. METHODS The questionnaire was structured in five dimensions: sporting event quality (4 sub-dimensions and 13 items), image (3 items), trust (3 items), satisfaction (3 items), and loyalty (4 items). A total of 217 amateur golfers from four Ecolian public golf clubs (Gwangsan, Jechon, Jeoungsun, and Younggwang) during the golf tournament participated in this study. Factor, reliability, validity, and structural equation model analyses were performed utilizing SPSS 24.0 and AMOS 24.0. RESULTS This study indicated that sporting event quality in a small-scale sporting event was the crucial factor of image, trust, and satisfaction, which, in turn, significantly impacted loyalty. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study contribute to theoretical understandings of sporting event quality factors that predict sport consumers’ image, trust, and satisfaction in the context of sports and leisure. Additionally, this study offers practical suggestions for administrators who develop marketing strategies for small-scale sporting events.
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the difficult realities, unresolved problems, and policy proposals of disability sports in Korea through the disability sports movies <Mal-aton> and <Glove>. METHODS We conducted a textual analysis from the perspective of critical theory. RESULTS The problems of Korean disabled sports revealed in the films <Mal-aton> and <Glove> could be cattegorized into three major issues: 'incorrect prejudice and indifference' of non-disabled people that disabled people will not be able to enjoy sports; 'sports facilities' where non-disabled people are prioritized and disabled people are marginalized, and the 'absence of sports facilities' specialized for disabled people; and the 'lack of leaders' who correctly understand the characteristics of the disabled. These have been pointed out as causes that keep them away from the natural right to enjoy sports. CONCLUSIONS The films <Mal-aton> (2005) and <Glove> (2011) were made based on true stories, and despite the fact that more than 10 years have passed since they were made, it remains a sad reality that the problems of Korean disabled sports shown in the films remain unresolved. Improvement measures in various aspects are required to promote sports for the disabled from the perspective of lifelong and adapted sports, such as media education and publicity that can eliminate misunderstanding and prejudice against people with disabilities, building sports facilities tailored to the disabled, and improving the treatment of sports instructors for the disabled.
PURPOSE Professional Identity Formation (PIF) has become a core concept in various professional education fields as it emphasizes professionals’ dispositions as well as abilities. This study provides an overview of PIF and explores the characteristics of professional education programs that highlight PIF. Through this overview, the purpose of this study is to propose the ‘Professional Identity Matrix for Physical Education Teacher (PIMPET)’, which helps identify PE teachers’ Professional Identity (PI). METHODS This study suggests a guideline to understand PE teachers' PI based on the analysis of the current literature on PI and PIF. RESULTS The characteristics of PIF-based professional education programs were described according to three criteria: teaching content, method, and assessment. On the PIMPET framework, the components of PI formed by PE teachers can be categorized into nine domains which encompass the three identity dimensions (competence, knowledge, and disposition) and the three task areas (teaching, student, and administration). CONCLUSIONS The PIMPET framework allows for a comprehensive understanding of PE teachers’ PI and provides implications for the professionalism of PE teachers and PE teacher education.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to analyze the level and characteristics of physical activity (sedentary, light, and MVPA) of high school students according to physical education (PE) class (DWPE: days with PE class, DNPE: days with no PE class) and sex. METHODS Data were collected on 147 students (65 male and 82 female) from four high schools in Seoul city, and physical activity was measured using a three-dimensional accelerometer. The collected physical activity data were input into SPSS 25.0, and the descriptive analysis and two-way ANOVA according to PE class and sex were performed. RESULTS The descriptive statistical analysis showed that 31% (40.7% male and 23.4% female) of participants met the recommended physical activity durations (MVPA of 60 min/day). In the two-way ANOVA, sedentary activity, light activity, and MVPA showed statistically significant main and interaction effects according to PE class and sex. According to the results of the interaction effect analysis, the gap in physical activity between DWPE and DNPE was large in male students. For male students, light activity and MVPA significantly increased on the day of the PE class, and sedentary activity significantly decreased. However, for female students, DWPE and DNPE did not differ significantly in all levels of physical activity. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the level of physical activity of Korean high school students was relatively low, and the effect of daily-life physical activity in the PE class was limited to male students. Accordingly, an alternative should be introduced to increase the physical activity of female high-school students through PE classes.
PURPOSE This study aims to investigate the effects of a 12-week equipment-based Pilates training on physical fitness, cardiovascular function, and vascular endothelial function in obese middle-aged women. METHODS Twenty-four women, aged 30-40 years with a body mass index ≥ 25 and percent body fat ≥ 30% were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the Pilates training group (TR; n=12); and control group (CON; n=12). The TR participants underwent three 50-minute equipmentbased Pilates training sessions per week for 12 weeks. Participants in the CON maintained their normal life patterns for the same intervention period. Variables regarding physical fitness, cardiovascular function, and vascular endothelial function were measured and compared pre-test and post-test u a two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. RESULTS The main results of the study were as follows: 1) Regarding physique and body composition, participants’ body weight, body mass index, fat mass, percent body fat, waist circumference, hip circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio decreased significantly in the TR. 2) Regarding physical fitness, muscle strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory endurance increased significantly in the TR. 3) Regarding cardiovascular response, SV increased significantly in the TR. 4) Regarding vascular endothelial function, blood vessel diameter at rest and during vasodilation as well as blood flow volume during vasodilation decreased significantly in the CON, resulting in a significant interaction between group and test in FMD percentage. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that the 12-week equipment-based Pilates program improved the physical fitness and vascular endothelial function in obese middle-aged women.
PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to analyze the type of and interest in home training video contents using the YouTube platform. METHODS Web crawling was performed using Python and a total of 3,937 sets ofvideo information (title, content, number of views, upload date) were obtained, 3,155 of which were finally selected for the study material. Overlapping and unrelated content were excluded. The data of text underwent 3 stages of preprocessing, the TF and TF-IDF of the keywords were calculated to identify the main keywords, and the LDA algorithm was applied in the topic modeling to successfully identify the types. In order to understand the level of interest by type, the number of views was subdivided into the percentage of the assigned type. RESULTS First, the types of home training videos were classified into bare whole body exercise for aerobic and muscular power strengthening, Pilates exercise for core and upper body strengthening, upper body exercise using tools, lower body line exercise, posture correction and upper body stretching exercise for pain relief, hip-up exercise, dance and tabata exercise for diet, diet and lower body correction stretching exercise for diet, and bare body exercise for core and lower body strengthening. Second, it was found that the proportion and interest were high in the contents of bare whole body exercise for aerobic and muscular power strengthening, dance and tabata exercise for diet, diet and lower body correction stretching exercise for diet. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study may provide baseline data about the development of the active online home training videos in the market.
