The current study aimed to investigate the relationships between leader-member exchange (LMX) quality, empowerment, and job performance of fitness center instructors. Data were mainly analyzed using a structural equation modeling technique with the AMOS program. The results, based on a paper-and-pencil survey with 263 respondents from 15 fitness centers, reported that LMX quality positively influences the level of empowerment perceived by subordinates while employee empowerment has a positive effect on job performance. However, LMX quality does not statistically influence self-rated job performance. Employee empowerment mediates the relationship between LMX quality and job performance.
The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of sportwearable device's innovation attribute on innovation resistance and moderating effect of consumer innovativeness between sportwearable device's innovation attribute and innovation resistance. Samples were the 20, 30s who registered on undergraduate and graduate college students. They were extracted from three different universities, in Seoul. After 125 questionnaires were removed, 375 samples were used in the actual analysis; frequency analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation, and structural equation modeling. The results were as follows. First, perceived innovation attributes of sportwearble devices had a negative effect on innovation resistance. Second, consumer innovativeness was moderated in the relationship between perceived innovation attributes and innovation resistance.
The Purpose of this study was to examines the effect of smart sport wear's innovation attribute on product attribute, focused on innovation resistance. Data were drawn from 253 college students and graduate college students in three different university. The model was tested using SPSS/PC ver. 18.0 for windows and AMOS 20.0 program. Data were analyzed using frequency analysis, reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, correlation, and structural equation modeling techniques. The statistical significance level was set at a<.05. The results were as follows. First, perceived attributes of smart sport wear had a negative effect on innovation resistance. Second, innovation resistance had a negative effect on product attribute. Third, perceived attributes of smart sport wear had a positive effect on product attribute. Forth, innovation resistance partially mediated the relationship between perceived attributes of smart sport wear and product attribute.
This study was to explore and confirm factors of sport psychology counseling needs in Korean elite coaches. In order to achieve this purpose, 56 elite coaches in Korean Olympic training center at Taereung and Jincheon responded on open-questionnaire and 260 coaches responded on survey. Open-ended questionnaire responses were analyzed by inductive content analysis and collected survey data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory analysis. The results were as follows: Firstly, sport psychology counseling needs of elite coaches were competition preparation, negative athlete-coach relationship, athlete private problems, performance degradation, pressure on performance result, injury management, team cohesion degradation, motivation, training management, different gender athlete control, athletes drop out, pressure from outside, conflicts with colleagues, neglecting from athletes, feeling of incompetence, emotional control problem, and so on. Secondly, based on these responses, closed-ended questionnaire was developed, surveyed, and analyzed. Exploratory factor analysis illustrated that sports counseling needs of coaches were performance enhancement strategies, unreasonable pressure, negligence on training, coaching stress, competition result stress, conflicts with athletes. Finally, confirmatory factor analysis showed that construct of sport counseling needs illustrated appropriate fit indices values. The results of this study contributed to provide fundamental information on coaching education program and sport psychology counseling program development and application. Consequently, it will help coaches to control their mind at coaching in training and competitions.
PURPOSE This study aims to examine the mediating effect of viewing flow on the relationship between perceived authenticity among [Kick A Goal] female viewers’ and football participation intention. METHODS A total of 414 questionnaires were distributed to [Kick A Goal] female viewers, aged from 20s to 60s, who had no experience in football. Among the collected questionnaires, the data used for the final analysis was 338 after data cleaning. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS 25.0, and it included frequency analysis, descriptive statistics analysis, correlation analysis, simple regression analysis, and a three-step mediation analysis proposed by Baron & Kenny(1986). RESULTS This study’s results were as follows: First, the perceived authenticity of female viewers positively affected viewing flow. Second, the viewing flow of female viewers positively affected their football participation intention. Third, viewing flow fully mediated the relationship between perceived authenticity and football participation intention. CONCLUSIONS In summary, this study suggests that it is significant to produce programs with authenticity and maximize viewing flow to further enhance the intention of female viewers to participate in football.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the propensity to consume the consumer of the baseball equipments who have difference of the product preference by regulatory focus, and who have construal level and suitable message framing. Methods Populations are consumers who have purchased the baseball equipments before, and the sampling groups, five different society baseball group’ league from Seoul and Kyeongi-do, were distributed, 318 copies, by convenience sampling. The questionnaire proceeded by three-way completely randomized design with stimulated sentences of four different advertisement compartmentalized by the regulatory focus, construal level and message framing. The analysis utilized SPSS 21.0 to perform the frequency analysis, manipulation check, independent t-test, two-way ANOVA, and Scheffe was used to post-hoc. Therefore, the result of this study is as below. Results First, after analyzing the distinction of the regulatory focus of the consumers of baseball equipments, the preference of the consumer who has improving focus was higher than that of consumer who has the prevention focus. Second, preference differentiation analyzed by construal level and the message framing of the consumer of the improving focus, the preference was higher when the message framing was positive, and the construal level was in short time. Third, preference differentiation analyzed by construal level and the message framing of the consumer of the prevetnion focus, there was no difference of the preference of the equipments followed by the construal level and message frame for prevention focus consumers.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine acceptance intentions of Sports O2O Service Potential consumers using the revised model of goal-directed behavior. [Methods] The 330 surveys were distributed to potential consumers through convenience sampling method for pilot study. Due to the reliability of data, 42 samples were discarded and 288 samples were put to actual analysis. Then data were analyzed for frequency analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and structural equation modeling technique via SPSS 23.0 and AMOS 22.0. [Results] The results of this study were as follows. First, attitude and subjective norm had a positive effect on desire. Second, perceived behavior control did not affect on desire but had a positive affect on acceptance intention. Third, positive anticipated emotions had a positive effect on desire but negative anticipated emotions did not effect on desire. Fourth, desire had a effect on acceptance intention. [Conclusions] According to the result, sports O2O service operators should do best to improve consumers positive attitude. Especially, they have to establish marketing strategies of introducing strong aspects of sports O2O services. Also, providing easy processes and intuitive interface are needed to consumers. To promote sports O2O services to potential consumers which is unfamiliar to that services, it is important to induce easy ways for potential consumers to experience sports O2O services.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify the causal relationship between competitive strategy, absorption capacity and business performance of commercial fitness center and to confirm the control effect of absorption capacity between competitive strategy and business performance. Methods 330 fitness center managers and administrators were selected for the study. Out of 330, 308 questionnaires were collected and used for data analysis. The questionnaire consisted of confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and structural equation model analysis. Finally, Ping 's two - step approach was used to verify the moderate effect of absorptive capacity. Results The results of the study are as follows. First, competition strategy of fitness center has a positive effect on absorptive capacity. Second, the competition strategy of fitness center has a significant effect on business performance. Third, the absorptive capacity did not effect the management performance. Fourth, the absorptive capacity was found to be moderate effect between the competition strategy and the management performance of the fitness center. Conclusion Based on the results, the fitness center managers and administrators of fitness center should set up competitive strategy internally and increase absorptive capacity to utilize external information by internalizing it.
The ever-increasing golf club market made difficult and brought confusion to most of amateur golfers to differentiate and choose suitable clubs for them. Therefore, the purpose of study was to examine how consumer confusion proneness affects consumer’s negative emotion, negative word of mouth, trust and decision postponement, during the process of purchasing golf clubs. 450 questionnaires were distributed to recreational golfers in 6 different golf-driving rages and 4 golf courses located in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Gangwon area with a return rate of 98.4% (n=443). Total of 432 questionnaires were used for data analyses with PASW 18.0 and AMOS 18.0. The results of the study are as follow. First, all of the subordinate factors of consumer confusion proneness had a significant effect on the consumer’s negative emotion. Second, consumer’s negative emotion had a significant effect on negative word of mouth. Third, consumer’s negative emotion had a significant effect on trust. Fourth, consumer’s negative emotion had no significant effect on purchase postponement.
Purpose This study estimated the social value of the Sports Industry Support Center, which will be newly established and operated by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, using the contingent valuation method. The survey designed a structured questionnaire for 480 households in 16 cities across the country to explain the necessity and major services of the Sport Industry Support Center and to investigate the willingness to pay for the social value of the center's sports industry support services. According to the NOAA panel's recommendation, the questionnaire survey consisted of dual dichotomous questionnaires and the form of payment in the form of income tax. As a result of analysis through logit model, statistically significant explanatory variables were payment amount, income level and gender. In particular, the higher the income level, the higher the willingness to pay, and the use of income tax as a means of payment was statistically significant. The social value granted to Sports Industry Support Center was 4,576.17 won per household per year, and it was estimated that there was a total of 469 billion won for the five years of income tax payment.
