PURPOSE This study investigates the effectiveness of biomechanics information on intermediate golfers driver swing learning. It analyzes changes in center of pressure (COP) patterns, GRF Direction Inclination, driver performance, and learners psychological responses to determine the learning effects. METHODS Subjects were 32 right-handed male golfers (handicap 15-23) who had no difficulty in performing the golf driver swing (Full swing). Four groups were selected, BF (Biomechanics Feedback group), BVC (Biomechanics Verbal Cue group), CB (Combination group), and CT (Control group), and assigned randomly. Driver swing learning showed results after 6 weeks,and a transfer test was conducted 1 week after the completion of the learning. RESULTS Analysis of COP patterns and GRF Direction Inclination indicated changes in the BF, BVC, and CB groups. Furthermore, analysis of driver distance (m), club head speed (km/h), and ball spin rate (rpm) revealed that during the 6-week acquisition phase, all three groups (excluding the control group) showed improvements in driver distance, club head speed, and ball spin rate. However, there were no statistically significant differences among the groups. In contrast, the transfer test showed statistically significant differences among the groups, with the CB group exhibiting the highest driver distance. Learners' psychological responses during the learning process were trust, understanding, and satisfaction. The understanding factor was relatively higher in the CB and BVC groups compared to the BF group. CONCLUSIONS In summary, biomechanics information (BI) was effective in improving driver performance, and changesappeared in the COP pattern and GRF Direction Inclination, indicating a change in movement. Therefore, BI can be fully utilized for athletes or high-level advanced players and for motor learning for intermediate-level students.However, BI can only improve learning effects by strengthening learners' “understanding” when visual feedback forms and verbal cues are provided together.
PURPOSE This study examined how consumers' visual attention to ads during eSports media consumption varies over time. METHODS An experimental study with a single factor, three-level within subject experimental design was conducted, utilizing an eye-tracker to measure visual attentions, including fixation count and duration. Seventy-eight students from a national university in city B participated in the experiment. A repeated measures ANOVA was conducted using the open-source statistical program R to test the research hypothesis. RESULTS Both the fixation count and duration were highest for the first ad and then gradually decreased for the second and third ad. CONCLUSIONS It is recommended that eSports sponsors should consider differentiating ad pricing based on the order of exposure, then expose the first ad presented more frequently and for extended periods, and consider different shapes, colors, and movements to prevent adaptation to the initial allocation of attention.
PURPOSE This study examined whether K-league fans’ responses to game outcomes align with reference-dependent preference and loss aversion principles. METHODS We collected user comments from the 2023 K-league game highlights videos on YouTube. We identified each user’s supporting team and excluded neutral fans’ comments. Sentiment analysis using KoBERT was applied, and estimated sentiment scores served as dependent variables. We performed panel regression to test whether unexpected wins and losses generate positive and negative comments. RESULTS First, an unexpected win generates more positive comments, and an unexpected loss generates more negative comments; a reference-dependent preference exists. Second, the difference between the coefficient on upset win and the absolute value of the coefficient on upset loss is not statistically different; loss aversion does not exist. CONCLUSIONS The findings derive a deeper understanding of sports viewership and explain the difference between domestic and overseas sports fans. Also, the findings provide insights into the domestic professional sports business.
PURPOSE This study presents policy implications drawn from a factual survey on the sports services industry in Korea, aiming to understand its current status and provide systematic support for high growth sectors. METHODS The research involved 600 companies across 18 sports service industry sectors, with growth potential assessed using standardized Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) scores based on indicators such as the number of businesses, employees, sales, business productivity, and labor productivity. RESULTS Results revealed that high-growth sectors were more prominent in the Incheon/Gyeonggi regions, while general sectors showed higher proportions in the Seoul area. Satisfaction with government support programs was above average in high-growth sectors, contrasting with lower satisfaction in general sectors, depending on the criteria. Both high-growth and general sectors faced difficulty securing liquid assets, expressing expectations for government financial support, such as expanded loans. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, a policy for achieving regional balance for sports service industries concentrated in the metropolitan area and differentiation in regional sports service industries is necessary. Through a paradigm shift in business support, the competitiveness of the sports services industry can be enhanced, and comprehensive policies for the domestic sports service industry must be formulated.
PURPOSE This study identifies girls with learned helplessness in middle school physical education coping mechanism and growth process. METHODS Eight female 9th graders who previously experienced learned helplessness in physical education were purposely selected with their physical education teachers’ recommendation. After individual in-depth interviews, data were analyzed using inducted data analysis. RESULTS Findings show that the girls could overcome learned helplessness through their own will and with support of peers and physical education teachers. Moreover, they have undergone various growth processes after coping with learned helplessness. Recently, they have self-confidence in physical education classes and desire to learn physical education. Additionally, results showed that the girls’ learning will in physical education influenced other subject matters, which helped them overcome new challenges in their school and daily lives. CONCLUSIONS Results can be used as practical guidelines to develop educational programs and create policies for girls with learned helplessness.
PURPOSE This study analyzed research on physical activities for elementary school students 1st and 2nd-graders to explore teachers’ perceptions and instructional practices in physical activity classes. METHODS Twelve studies published in academic journals conducted between 2000 to 2022 were selected for analysis. RESULTS The research articles were categorized into three domains: perception of physical activity in lower grades, operational features, and factors influencing practices from a didactic perspective. Challenges identified include dilemmas between curriculum documents and actual practice, a lack of practical teaching expertise, and a teaching culture discouraging physical activity in lower grades. Operational patterns were restructured into “avoidance-style classes,” “ad-hoc classes,” “textbook-dependent classes,” and “textbook-reorganization classes.” Factors influencing physical education for early elementary students included “teacher support factors,” “environmental factors,” and “administrative factors.” CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study advocates for policies that systematically improve perception, administration, and support classes for activating physical activities in lower elementary school students. The findings suggest the need for strategies such as adapting integrated curricula, creating training programs and educational materials, ongoing professional development activities for teachers, and specific research focused on physical activities for lower grade elementary students.
PURPOSE The ethical leadership of Taekwondo instructors plays a crucial role in enhancing the value of Taekwondo. Therefore, this study explores the elements of ethical leadership among Taekwondo instructors by drawing on the insights from Lao Tzu's Tao Te Ching. METHODS Through the Tao Te Ching, an oriental classic containing the ideas of Lao Tzu, we have extracted and discussed the elements of ethical leadership that Lao Tzu conveys to Taekwondo leaders in this era. RESULTS The ethical leadership of taekwondo leaders in the Tao Te Ching was presented as the virtues of inaction and humility as behavioral norms. Inaction as a code of conduct was discussed about a leader who practices inaction in a changing world through subjective thought rather than a meaningful Taekwondo leader who leads Taekwondo with an existing pattern and looks at ethics. A Taekwondo instructor must possess the virtue of humility. A Taekwondo instructor with humility must be glazed, soft, and humble as water. CONCLUSIONS In a Taekwondo culture that follows the Confucian ideology of extreme austerity, Lao Tzu's ethic of non-action and the virtue of humility can be like wearing an ill-fitting robe. However, standing on the edge, outside the frame of reference of the ideologies and values we have come to believe in and follow, and seeing the world as it is, not as it should be, according to the laws of nature, provides a new discourse for Taekwondo philosophy.
PURPOSE This study explores injury attributions accepted by serious football participants, specifically intermediate and advanced players. METHODS Utilizing Q methodology, 25 Q-samples and 33 P-samples were selected, and Q-classification was conducted. Principal component factor analysis through the PQ method (vers. 2.35) was employed for data analysis, and types were interpreted and named based on the Q-sample with a Z-score of ±1.0 or higher. RESULTS Results categorized injury attributions accepted by the participants into four types: 'Type I: Facility/ Human Resource Responsibility Type,” 'Type II: Luck/Other Responsibility Type,” 'Type III: Self Responsibility Type,” and 'Type IV: Insufficient Safety Education.” This study provided academic and policy discussions by reclassifying four types according to their internal and external location and controllability. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study emphasizes the relevance of all four types of injury attribution to policy considerations. Ensuring participants' right to participate in safe and enjoyable sports requires addressing facilities/human resources, education, and insurance as major policy components of sports safety.
PURPOSE This study aimed to compare body composition, physical fitness, maximum muscle strength, and blood lactate concentration according to the level of aerobic capacity in Keirin cyclists. METHODS Forty-four Keirin cyclists participated in this study and were divided into three groups: the top 20% VO2max group (TG, n=9), the middle 20% VO2max group (MG, n=9), and the low 20% VO2max group (LG, n=9). The study measured body composition, physical fitness, maximum muscle strength, and blood lactate concentration in Keirin cyclists. Differences between groups were determined using one-way ANOVA analysis. RESULTS Body weight, percentage of body fat, and body mass index were significantly higher in the LG than in the TG and MG. The vertical jump and maximum muscle strength were significantly higher in the TG and MG than in the LG. Additionally, blood lactate concentrations immediately after exhaustive exercise and during the 5-minute recovery periods were higher in the LG than in the TG and MG. Moreover, the time to exhaustion, HRmax and maximum power were the highest in the TG. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest new information that levels of aerobic capacity in male Keirin cyclists might be a crucial predictor of cycling performance and recovery ability.
PURPOSE This study aimed to verify the criterion validity of the two-minute step test in older Korean adults, develop an equation for predicting VO2max, and verify cross-validation. METHODS A submaximal exercise test and the two-minute walk test were performed on 150 older adults (74 males and 74 females) aged 65 years or older. Correlation analysis was performed to confirm criterion validity. An equation for estimating VO2max was developed through multiple regression analysis, and cross-validation was confirmed by performing a correlation analysis between measured and predicted values of VO2max. RESULTS The correlation coefficient between VO2max and the two-minute step test was 0.457 (p<.001). The adjusted R2 of the developed VO2max prediction equation was 0.430 (p<.001), and the explanatory variables finally selected were sex, age, number of steps in the two-minute step test, and percentage of body fat. The correlation coefficient between the measured VO2max (19.08±4.36) and the predicted VO2max (19.73±3.36) was 0.654 (p<.001). CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed the criterion validity of the two-minute step test in older Korean adults, and the cross-validation of the developed VO2max prediction formula was verified. The explanatory variables of the prediction equation will be easy to apply in the field, and more meaningful results will be derived if the validity of the prediction equation developed for a larger number of participants is verified.
