Purpose The main purpose of this current study is two-fold. Firstly, it attempts to develop a model to determine the true market value of Korean professional baseball players (hitters only) solely based on their athletic performances on the field. Secondly, it is to provide the evidential data for the market value of baseball players in Korea. Methods The statistical data and performance information were obtained from baseball almanac from KBO from 1997 to 2016. Seven hundred and ninety three players were included for data analysis. Principal component factor analysis was utilized to eliminate multicollinearity among 12 sabermetrics indices (OPS, GPA, SECA, TA, RC, RC/27, XR, ISO, PSN, sOBA, %OW, BABIP) and increase power of explanation of the proposed model with KMO(=0.77), p<0.001. Results The proposed model was successfully developed with YSalary = Years of Experience*921.5 + FA (free agent)*53528.9 + PHI(Power Hitter Index)*7313 + CHI(Contact Hitter Index)*5893.6. Furthermore, the proposed model explained 64.5% of variances of the market value for the Korean professional baseball players and proved to be statistically valid. Conclusions The newly developed model in this study was very helpful for us to identify the variables that affect the true market value of baseball players. It is expected that this model could make an important contribution in determining true market value of the baseball players in Korea.
This study has been conducted to develop methods and techniques for the analysis of data related to baseball performance using the winning and losing games. The purposes of the study were to examine differences of athlete performance for semi playoff, playoff, and Korean professional baseball series and to develop optimal forecasting model for the short term series. Data used in the study were taken from Korean professional baseball association. Three data sets including semi play off from 1982 to 2012, play off from 1989 to 2012, and Korean series from 1982 to 2012 were used. To compare athlete performance by winning and losing games for short-term series t-test was applied. This study created new parameters by weighted value through the equalization process to calculate skill related variables as a predicted variable. Three predicted models such as discriminant, binary logistic regression and artificial neural network models were developed to clarify the suggested models. The results showed that the number of significant parameters increased as the series continued. In particular, a variable related to error was added as a significant variable at the Korean Series. A third base hit in the play-off and a second base hit were also added as significant parameters in the play-off and the Korean series, respectively. In addition, W/L a major variables affecting a given technology area, the pitching PO, PO, the inertia, KS, the pitching, respectively. An artificial neural network model was finally selected with the highest accuracy and lowest input of estimated parameters in the semi play-off. In the play-off, artificial neural network model that applied technical area parameters by specialist criteria had better accuracy rate than two others. In the Korean series, artificial neural network model that created estimation parameters by applying all parameters was chosen as the final model. When the overall accuracy level of semi-play off, play off and Korean series was figured out, binary logistic regression model had higher accuracy of classification than discriminant model, but artificial neural network model had the higher accuracy of classification than binary logistic regression model.
Purpose The present study explores educational values of professional coaches from perspectives as educators while they are giving the players sports coaching. Since free agent system was introduced in 1999 at Korean Baseball Organization(KBO) league, the socio-economical differences between players and coaches are getting bigger and bigger. In this situation, professional coaches tend to have more difficulties in interacting with the players. The study focuses on looking into professional coaches' educational agony and reward. Also, it highlights their educational values as educators rather than coaches. Methods Two professional baseball coaches and a TV commentator participated in the study: all past professional players, and professional coaches for more than 10 years. The researchers collected data through semi-structured in-depth interviews; each participant was interviewed three times. The researchers recorded and transcribed all of the interviews; then, the researchers reread the interview transcripts and inductively produced codes for themes whenever emergent codes appeared. Verbatim quotations from the interviews are excerpted in the present research report. Results The findings indicate that, first, the participants are all highly motivated in giving lessons to the players. They all helped the players overcome the difficulties and be good players. They emphasized the importances of endeavors and attitudes during their lessons to be well-received by the players. Second, the participants agreed that good coaches should have the ability to find the potentials of the players and have personality to gain the players' trust. They always have to work and study hard to keep expertises. Conclusions This study argues that the participants are playing their roles in a sport coaching area not only as coaches, but also as educators.
PURPOSE This study aims to provide empirical foundational data for the development of a new profit model in Korean professional baseball. It does so by examining the influence of professional baseball NFT product attributes on customer perceptions of value, satisfaction, and purchase intention. METHODS Data were collected from consumers who have experience purchasing KBOLLECT. A total of 363 samples were collected for analysis. Surveys were utilized for data collection, encompassing 39 items that measured product characteristics, perceived value, satisfaction, purchase intention, and demographic information. Using the collected data, various statistical analyses were conducted including descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression using SPSS version 21. The ensuing results from the correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis are as follows. RESULTS Product features, including aesthetics, symbolism, and scarcity, had a positive impact on consumer’s perceived emotional value. Moreover, product features, encompassing aesthetics, symbolism, scarcity, and creativity played a significant role in enhancing consumer’s perceived economic value. Furthermore, product attributes such as aesthetics, symbolism, and creativity positively contributed to consumer’s perceived social value. Similarly, product features comprising aesthetics, scarcity, creativity, and symbolism positively affected consumer’s perceived intellectual value. Additionally, the research revealed that product features related to aesthetics, symbolism, creativity, and scarcity were instrumental in bolstering consumer. Importantly, these very attributes, including aesthetics, symbolism, scarcity, and creativity, exhibited a positive influence on consumers’ purchase intentions. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study underscores the substantial impact of professional baseball NFT product characteristics on consumers’ perceptions, satisfaction, and purchase intentions. To maintain enduring relationships with consumers who engage with professional baseball NFT products, it is essential to fortify these product attributes and offer diverse services utilizing them.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine effects of professional baseball home fans' perception of the community on their recognition of stadium spaces. Methods The subjects of the survey were home fans of baseball. A total of 600 questionnaire(100 fans each team: DOOSAN, LG, SK, LOTTE, HANHWA and KIA) were collected and 510 copies were used as the final analysis data. Collected data was processed by using SPSS 21.0 program. T-test, one-way ANOVA, correction analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted to test hypothesis. Results There were significant differences of perceptions on community such as perceptions on sense of belonging; favored teams, perceptions on active involvement; gender and favored teams, perceptions on pride of the home town; gender, favored teams and glasses for viewing, and perceptions on classification; educational level and favored teams. There were significant differences of perceptions on stadium spaces such as perceptions on historicity; favored teams and viewing experience, perceptions on authenticity; favored teams and viewing experience, and perceptions on symbolism; age, favored teams and glasses for viewing. Among home fans' perceptions of their community, sense of belonging and pride of the home town had positive effects on their perceptions on historicity among perceptions of stadium spaces, while perceptions of classification had negative effects on them; sense of belonging and pride of the home town had positive effects on both perceptions of authenticity and symbolism. Conclusions The findings indicate that there is a close relationship between the community and professional baseball stadiums, and it is necessary to commonly enhance sense of belonging and pride of the home town for the community in order to promote positive perceptions on stadiums.
This paper analyze Korean baseball player's efficiency based on entire team and each team by using DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) and use this efficiency to discuss effective way of recruiting players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate each professional baseball team management efficiency through Data Envelopment Analysis. Player who were qualified free agent salary for the input variable and OPS and XR for output variable were used respectively then data were analyzed using Frontier Analyst 4.0. Also the recruiting factors of FA baseball player were confirmed by five baseball experts. we categorize the five factors of recruiting: age, durability, skill of improvement or decline, steady record, necessary position. The results were as follows. First, Han Sang-Hun and Lee Dae-Hyeong recorded the most efficient management among all professional baseball player. On the other hand, Choi showed inefficient management, followed by Park Han-Yi, Son Si-Heon, Lee Jong-wook, Jeong Keun-Woo, Lee Yong-Kyu, Lee Dae-Soo, Kang Min-Ho, Lee Byeong-Kyu.
This study classified and analyzed groups of spectators of professional baseball through market segmentation and predicted the sports consumer behavior by using artificial neural networks model and logistic regression model. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis, K-means cluster analysis, cross-tabulation analysis and one-way ANOVA using PASW 18.0 and AMOS 18.0 suggest five clusters of consumer segments and by using Modeler 14.1, artificial neural networks model was made to predict the data. By using artificial neural networks model and logistic regression model, hit ratio was grasped about the spectator satisfaction and future consumption behavior. The results are as follow: The hit ratio were high in ‘cluster 5’ for artificial neural networks model(spectator satisfaction: 71.3%, future consumption behavior: 99.3%) and logistic regression(spectator satisfaction: 71.8%, future consumption behavior: 96.5%). Furthermore, cross-tabulation and one-way ANOVA was performed to understand the cluster's characteristic which had highest hit ratio about the spectator satisfaction and future consumption behavior. And through this marketing strategy was suggested.
The purpose of this study was to provide managers and owners of Korea professional baseball teams with the necessary information for improving managerial performance by fan acquisition and retention. This paper chose LG, Nexen, and SK fans over the age of 17 as population of this study who visited at least twice home games held in the Jamsil, Mokdong, and Munhak baseball stadium. For the analysis of data, 413 questionnaires were used using SPSS 15.0 Windows and Amos 7.0. To examine respondents demographics traits, frequency analysis was processed and reliability analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis for relationship among the variables were conducted. Also, convergent validity analysis and discriminant validity analysis were made. Finally, path analysis was made for the verification of model suitability and of research hypotheses through structure equation modeling. The research results are as per the below. First, team attributes like physical facilities, team performance and licensing had significantly positive influence on consumption emotion. Second, team attributes like service and team performance significantly positive impact on viewing value. Third, consumption emotion had significantly positive impact on revisit intention. Fourth, viewing value had significantly positive impact on revisit intention.
Purpose The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of professional baseball teams' message appeal type (emotional vs. rational) and message delivery method (article with photo vs. article without photo) on consumers' acceptance of the message. The hypotheses were two folds. First, compared with a rational apology article, a professional team's emotional apology article affected consumers' acceptance more positively. Second, a professional team's apology article with a photo attached influenced consumers' acceptance more positively than one without a photo. Methods To achieve the purpose of this study, the authors utilized a 2 (Message Appeal Type: emotional vs. rational) × 2 (Message Delivery Method: article with photo vs. article without photo) factorial experiment. An existing baseball team was selected and was assumed to have been involved in a game fixing situation. Out of 340 participants, 325 were used in the final analysis. Two-way ANCOVA of SPSS 23.0 was conducted to analyze the data. Results Findings revealed when a professional baseball team issued an emotional apology article, consumers were more positive about it than a rational one. Also when a professional team delivered an article with a photo, consumers accepted the article more positively than the one without a photo.
The purpose of this study was to categorize official twitter messages and find out each team's marketing strategy by using Ruby program. For the analysis 3 thousands official twitter massages were used for each 4 major probaseball teams, Samsung Lions, KIA Tigers, SK Wyverns, and NC Dinos. The results were as follows. Firstly, The marketing messages of pro baseball teams were different than typical companies. Pro baseball's official twitter marketing massages can be grouped into 5 category, Team Awareness, CSR, Customer Service, Engagement and Promotion. Secondly, Twitter marketing message strategy was differentiated by each pro baseball team. NC Dinos using twitter to increase team awareness while Samsung Lions deliver their premium team image as a KBO league champion and highlight marketing events with star players. KIA Tigers has shown most passive activities on twitter. Most of messages were just informing game and schedule. SK Wyverns actively using twitter they were answering questions from fans and very engaged to use twitter as a marketing tool.
