PURPOSE This study analyzes the elementary physical education (PE) instructor system and identifies patterns of change and their underlying causal mechanisms. METHODS The study examines the systems that define the qualifications and roles of elementary school instructors, focusing on the subject specialist teacher system, the secondary-to-elementary teacher system, and the sports instructor system. These systems are analyzed using an integrated approach that combines morphogenetic theory and historical institutionalism. RESULTS First, during the implementation of the subject specialist teacher system, structural and institutional conditions created a necessary/incompatible relationship between the government and the education sector. This led to a compromise interaction, resulting in the implementation of the subject specialist teacher system. This change represents a case of morphogenesis, following a pattern of gradual change through displacement. Second, during the implementation of the secondary-to-elementary teacher system, structural and institutional conditions produced a contingent/incompatible relationship between the government and the education sector. Consequently, a competitive interaction occurred, leading to the establishment of the secondary-to-elementary teacher system. This change is also classified as morphogenesis, with a pattern of gradual change through layering. Third, during the implementation of the sports instructor system, structural and institutional conditions fostered a contingent/compatible relationship between the government and the education sector. This resulted in an opportunistic interaction, culminating in the adoption of the sports instructor system. This change is considered morphogenesis and exhibits a pattern of radical change. Fourth, during the coexistence period of multiple elementary PE instructor systems, structural and institutional conditions created a necessary/compatible relationship between the government and the education sector. As a result, a defensive interaction occurred, leading to institutional path dependency and morphostasis. CONCLUSIONS This study presents three key findings. First, the education sector's role as an active agent in shaping changes to the elementary PE instructor system has gradually diminished. Second, institutional changes have been implemented in ways that promote openness and enhance PE expertise. Third, these changes have not addressed the fundamental challenges facing elementary PE.
As an attempt to think about the popularization of Korean sport history, this paper discusses three main things. First, it will be introduced what public/popular history is, how it has been developed, and why it is important to history as an academic discipline. Second, it will be summarized how sport historian embraced public/popular history into their practices in terms of what theoretical, critical, and methodological aspects they have focused. Third, I will discus why public/popular history is useful in the ways in which Korean sport history envisions its popularization in Korean society. To be more specific, I highlight two ideas: an insight for understanding sport history as a process and sport historiansʼ role of critic. Based upon these two, I will argue that Korean sport historians might need to actively embrace practices of public/popular history into their studies of the Korean sporting past.
PURPOSE This study examined the process and cause of change in nationalism in German gymnastics in the 19th century. METHODS The study used a literature study method and analyzed data from previous studies. Eleven articles related to the research topic were chosen for domestic research data by searching RISS for "German gymnastics," "Turnen," and "German nationalism." Overseas research data involved seven articles related to this study and were found by searching for "German gymnastics" and "Turnen" in Google Scholar. RESULTS First, German nationalism was originally divided into liberal nationalism and nationalistic nationalism, resulting in nationalistic nationalism after German reunification. Second, Jahn as a liberal nationalist and Spiess as a nationalist attempted to spread their ideas through German gymnastics. Finally, German gymnastics change from Jahn's liberal nationalism to Spiess' nationalistic nationalism was inevitable due to German gymnastics' external background and inherent limitations. CONCLUSIONS This study illustrated the process and cause of the change in the nationalistic characteristics of German gymnastics in the 19th century. Various historical cases that have not yet received attention but are worthy of investigation must be studied.
Purpose The purpose of the study is to analyze China's school sports policy by dividing it into the era of four leaders before the current regime. Methods Former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's reform and opening up is a big axis that distinguishes China's time, more than 70 years after its founding. Therefore, we discussed the history of Chinese school sports policy by considering the background of the times, the ideology of the former Chinese leaders, and the keynote of the sports policy that influenced the school sports policy. Results The Chinese school sports policy history before and after China's reform and opening up is summarized as having a continuity to “sports as an education for all” and a distinction symbolized by “legislation and scientificization.” Conclusion Deng Xiaoping's reform and opening up has been carried on by the regimes since then, and his guiding ideology and sports policy keynote have had a profound impact on Chinese school sports policy.
The purpose of this study was to critically interpret a certain sports-related idea, "Integrated Korean Team," which was an issue at the PyeongChang Winter Olympics. The idea emerges as a specific political agenda under the conditions of domestic politics and the special environment of Korean national affairs and discourse. To this end, we investigated media texts on the relationship between sports, political dynamics and views on related discourse that were produced in 1990-1991 and 2018. The main findings are as follows: First, sports functions as a political socialization tool for political power as it forms public opinion. Second, sports exchanges work as a kind of international politics. Specifically, political power controls sports as certain political situations arise and political elites' needs change. Third, mega sports events have tended to become politicized in recent years as they become more effective. Fourth, North Korea’s sports under political power cannot be easily dealt with by the private sector, and it has limitations because it is not politically independent. The analysis showed that the negotiation process and realization of the Integrated North and South Korean Team seemed to be a turning point in politics and sports. Here are the conclusions drawn from discussing the two unifying events in 1991 and the situation in 2018. First, both South and North Korea pulled the Integrated Korean Team card when political needs arose. Second, when the two Koreas did not need to reconcile due to changes in the political situation between the two Koreas, they did not want to make efforts to integrate Korean Team. Third, the position of the political elite was directly represented by the position of the South-North Korean team. Fourth, the supporting public opinions of the Integrated Korean Team are gradually diminishing as the power gap between the two Koreas widens and sports players' human rights issues emerge.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to identify why and how sports docudrama is one of the unique objects for the scholarship of sport history. Methods As a review study, this paper pays attention to, collects, and critically reviews three dimensions of the literatures: 1) ones that claim and argue for a-historicity of historical sport films by pointing out how they are full of actual errors, mistakes, and misrepresentation, and why they are problematic, 2) ones that belong to so called ‘the study of docudrama’ with specific focus on the themes of definition, mode of representation, and cultural memory, and 3) ones that attempt to envision the possibility of visual history or filmic history from the perspective of historiography and some other epistemological issues. Results Following the above review method, the result of this paper is also divided into three parts: 1) how sport historians respond to and criticize historical sport films from the sense based on the modern historiography, 2) how a group of historians argue why historical sport films can be one of the promising way of doing histories, 3) review of the study of docudrama, focusing on what is docudrama, why it can be a mode of representation, and how it resonates to cultural memory. Conclusions As a conclusion, this paper argues that a more collectively academic concerns to sport docudrama paves way for developing and envisioning the scholarship of sport history.
PURPOSE In this study, in-depth interviews were conducted with track-and-field athletes and leaders who participated in the Tokyo Olympics. The study aimed to present practical measures for the development of Korean track and field, which people at the forefront of Korean track and field thought. METHODS In-depth interviews were conducted using semi-structured questions for a total of five track-and-field national athletes and four track and field coaches. RESULTS A total of 39 subcategories and 104 concepts were derived with regard to four research questions: the process up to the Tokyo Olympics, the actual condition of Korean track and field, a comparison with track-and-field power nation, and practical measures for becoming track-and-field power nation. CONCLUSIONS Practical measures are needed to improve and develop the competitiveness of Korean track and field, which is expected to improve its competitiveness and help develop Korean track and field in the future.
