The purpose of this study was to identify problems that consumer and golf expert faced with and determine types of similar golf membership in Korea through analysing status of golf semi-membership. In addition, as the law related to golf facility was examined, current issues to improve management system of golf semi-membership were diagnosed, some improvements were deducted. In order to achieve the purpose of this research, case-study, expert interview, survey, examination of typical legal-system and expert advisory meeting were conducted. The results were as follows: First, the type of golf semi-membership was classified by 7. Second, the result of survey from consumer who experienced in purchasing golf semi-membership revealed that the number of experienced respondents was more than the unexperienced. Also, awareness of golf semi-membership brings positive effect to development of golf industry. According to the result of IPA, it was required that the current situation of golf semi-membership market would be improved and managed properly. Third, the results from investigating legal system in Korea showed that provision for reducing property loss associated with illegal contracts might be needed. Eventually, in order to minimize the property loss, complementary of membership contract, mandatory of information discloser, enacting provisions against violation and introduction of cooling-off system would be required.
Drawing on Bernstein theory (1990, 1996) of pedagogic discourse, this study is aimed at exploring the construction of pedagogical meaning in physical education policy in Korea and providing critical implications for the development of policies for physical education and school sport. Both open-ended questionnaires (n=22) and in-depth interviews (n=9) were conducted. The collected data was commissioned by an inductive data analysis to look at patterns of regulative discourses embedded with physical education policy influencing on teachers’ educational practice. This study identified three main discourses constructing and constituting policies; sport, moral, and health. Sport discourse was the most dominant through the policy, in which two sub-discourses were central: ‘competition’ and ‘exclusion.’ Moral discourse had a strong connection with ‘crime reduction’ and ‘academic achievement.’ The structure of health discourse alleged increase in youth physical inactivity associated with sedentary living leads to an obesity epidemic. This study argued that there were significant dangers which dominant regulative discourses created a limited universe of possibilities for physical education. Therefore, we must not lose sight of the powerful discourses produced in the primary field, which have an impact on shaping forms of policy and practice in physical education. Furthermore, we need to examine in detail forms of physical education practice in order to achieve alignment in the school practice with current dominant discourses.
Active participation in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity(MVPA) is the indicator of healthy development for adolescents. However, Korean adolescents’ MVPA have continuously declined, and Korean adolescents have lower levels of MVPA compared to adolescents in other countries. Considering this issue, the purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of SPARK M-SPAN program to promote adolescents’ MVPA in P.E. classes and to understand how the promotion of adolescents’ MVPA occurs. To collect data, this study used Sequential Mixed Method and GT3X accelerometers. A total of 168 adolescents (84 in an experimental group and 84 in a control group) participated in this study for the quantitative data analysis, and six students and a teacher were interviewed for the qualitative data analysis. Paired t-test showed that students in SPARK P.E. classes experienced the significant decreases of sedentary behaviors(-339.6 sec) and low intensity P.A.(-96.9 sec) at p<.05 and the significant increases of moderate(+99.3 sec), vigorous(+252.4 sec), and very vigorous intensity P.A.(+84.7 sec) regardless of gender difference at p<.05 except for female students’ moderate intensity P.A.. The qualitative data analysis showed that SPARK classes gave students positive learning environments and led them to experience enjoyment and achievement-orientated learning Key teaching strategies of SPARK program and future research suggestions were provided in the discussion section.
Previous work has shown that coaches sought information from several sources; however, there was a strong reliance on learning from other coaches within their social networks. There has been limited research examining the nature of these social networks with other coaches (Trudel and Gilbert 2004). Thus the purpose of this study was to examine the structures of coaches’ social networks of Korean rhythmic gymnasts. Research questions were: (1) What are the network structures of Korean rhythmic gymnasts’ coaches? (2) What structural parameters contribute to coaches’ network structures, and (3) Is there an association between coaches’ network and flow of information in their networks? A total of 37 coaches of youth rhythmic gymnasts (6-18 years old) participated in this study. Each of those coaches was asked to complete a Name Generator Questionnaire (i.e., list four names that you have a close relationship with) and general socio-demographic survey. Data were analyzed using social network analysis tools such as UCINET, p-net, and Quadratic Assignment Procedure. Analysis of network centrality, density, and strong components showed that (1) homophily was identified in the structure of coaches’ social networks (2) homophily (e.g., by gymnasts’ ranking, mentor coaches) contributed to the total social network of coaches, and (3) interacting only with close coaches in the network, coaches received information about coaches/coaching from the strong ties rather than weak ties (Granovetter, 1973). This study also has strong links to Wenger’s (1998) community of practice which posited that groups of people share a common characteristic in practice.
This research begins from the awareness that even though there are different forms of wrestlings in the ethnic minority groups in China, the study on their morphological aspects has reached the limit. Based on the documents and VOD data about these wrestlings of each ethnic group, their morphological characteristics can be verified as follows. First, The postures of Han and Mongolian people take the way of two players standing and playing, and Korean-Chinese people and Hui people take a saddle stance using a thigh band. Second, as for the arenas for the wrestlings, owing to some geographical features and natural environments, they were set up at a specific area during the traditional era using natural objects(grass, lawn, soil, sand). Yet, in the modern times, they have been changed as being installed and run in modernized gyms, sports fields, or parts following the standard of stadium facilities supervised by each organization. Third, with regard to the play wear of wrestling, some parts of the traditional costumes have been transmitted and worn. However, in case of most of the traditional costumes, it has been found out that modernized clothes which take the forms of garments developed since the modern era into consideration are being used. Fourth, in terms of the game equipments of wrestling, certain clothes(uniform, vest), running shoes and a band(a thigh band) should be worn.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of factors associated with points and the difference among weight categories after the revision of wrestling competition rules from video images. Factors associated with points were average point per a game, average points according to playing type, the occurring frequency of point according to the skills, the frequency and successful ratio of Parter, and the time zone of points occurred. The video contents were concerned on athletes ranked in 1 - 5 (6 person) at 59, 66, 75 Kg categories of Greco-Roman style in the 2014, 2015 World Wrestling Championship. The analysis was done by watching TV monitor several times. Five quantitative factors were tested between weight categories. As the results, no significant difference was found in average obtained point, but significant difference was found in average lost point (p<.05). Average obtained point showed significant difference in cross effect of the type of game and weight category. And average lost point showed significant difference in the type of game (p<.01) and weight category (p<.05), too. The frequency of point by skills of stand and ground wrestling showed significant difference in weight category (p<.001). However, no significant difference was found in frequency of point by time zone among weight categories. In conclusion, the point obtained and lost and the frequency of it are associated with the type of game and skills included in it of Greco-Roman style wrestling. New training program focused on enforcing the correct type of game and skills in it might be useful for developing the performance.
This study aimed to examine the change of the indices in blood gas, ions, and by-products of fatigue substances and components in collegiate elite Kumdo competitors, who carry out a number of competitive games during one day tournament event. Subjects were carried out total 6 simulated, but followed same conditions and rules of actual competition, with providing similar inter-game break time. Eight well trained male competitors, who had awarded from national wide competitions, voluntarily participated in this study and revealed 51.5(±8.8) mL·kg-1min-1 of maximal oxygen consumption and 12.4(±5.1) % body fat. TWOWAY ANOVA (tournament round vs. pre & post each game) was adopted to test whether the mean differences were existed, and the interaction between individual factors and main effect within each factors were analyzed. Statistical significance was set at Alpha (α) = .05. While there were no significant changes in blood hydrogen ion concentration (i.e., pH) and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) significantly decreased as the tournament games were repeated. The level of hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly elevated only during the 1st round of tournament. Na+ was significantly increased but K+ was decreased. Ca2+ concentration however, was not significantly altered. Although the changes of blood glucose level did not show any consistent patterns, free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was increased after completed each game compared to prior to initiate the each game. Blood NH3, lactic acid, and uric acid concentration increased at immediately after each game, and the pattern was maintained throughout the tournament round continued. These results reflected that the repeated participation of the tournament may cause the accumulation of the by-products of fatigue substances in blood and alteration of various ion components and energy substrates. Accordingly, the ways of reducing the physical fatigue and providing adequate energy source inter-tournament games needs to be necessarily considered for successful Kumdo competition. Data obtained from this study could valuable for searching the effective training and management methods to improve the performance and reduce the fatigue of the professional elite Kumdo competitors.
The purpose of this study was to explore and confirm Kumi-kata related factors of muscle strength by performance level in Korea elite female judoists. In order to achieve this purpose, 14 elite female judoists participated to this study. The subjects were divided to two groups (World Class Group and Non-World Class Group) according to their world ranking level(by ranked 30th). The analysis factors were repeated grip strength, Kumi-kata specific pulling strength and isokinetic strength of trunk joint. The results were as follows: Firstly, World Class Group had significantly higher repeated grip strength as compared to non-world class group (p<.001). Secondly, World Class Group had significantly higher specific Kumi-kata pulling strength as compare to non-world class group (p<.05). Finally, The differences between the two groups for isokinetic strength of trunk joint were non-significant. The results of this study indicates that a strong relationship exist between Kumi-kata related specific muscle strength and performance level in korea elite female judoists.
This study was designed to develop a communication training program for college ice hockey teams and examine the effects of this program. College ice hockey players and coaches participated in this study. The various types of data were collected and analyzed to assess the needs of the program and to develop the program with expert meetings. To analyze the effects of the developed program, questionnaires, experience reports, and in-depth interviews were conducted as measures. The results of this study are as follows. First, ice hockey team communication consisted of eight factors (i.e., sympathy, respect, trust, two-way verbal communication, firm expression of opinion, training program communication, developing rapport, and cohesion). Thus, the program developed based on eight factors and consisted of three stages of total 12 sessions which was 90 min to 100 min long. Second, this program increased communication satisfaction, coach-athlete interaction, group cohesion and exercise effectiveness, and these quantitative results were statistically significant. Moreover, qualitative analysis revealed that this program enhanced sympathy, social cohesion, and task cohesion among participants as well as positively changed their communication skills better than before. The communication training program which was developed through this study could provide basic information of a communication training program in the sports domain and positively influence overall sports team effectiveness and performance.
This study conducted to explore K-League (Korea Professional Football League) referees’ psychological experience and coping strategies just after the moment of wrong judgment. Open-ended questionnaire were conducted on 35 full-time referees who participated in the K-League winter training camp. The data were categorized by inductive content analysis. The results were as follows. Psychological experience yielded 45 raw data points, which were based on the following 10 sub categories; increased anxiety, rumination wrong judgment, concern about reprimand, and feeling apologetic; and four general categories including, psychological fragmentation, feeling helpless, concern about reputation, and acknowledgment of wrong judgment. Thus, K-league referees experience a psychological turbulence just after the moment of the bad calls and worsen feelings of helplessness about the wrong decisions. Also, K-league referees worry about further disadvantages following the misjudgement and admit their bad calls feeling sorry for teams and athletes who were in the incidents. Coping strategies yielded 55 raw data points from which the following categories were identified 11 sub categories; increasing concentration, attempting to forget wrong judgment, apologizing on wrong judgment, and change in thinking; and four general categories including, emotional self-support, avoiding situation, correcting the error and thinking, and changing of refereeing approach. Therefore, K-league referees enhance their concentration in order to not reoccur wrong judgement after the moment of the mistakes and try to forget the incidents of wrong judgement. Also, K-league referees apology to the teams and athletes who experienced the bad calls and make efforts to correct the mistakes if possible. Moreover, K-league referees try to modify a criteria of judgement in order to manage aftereffects of wrong judgement and make decisions correctly by approaching the scenes of the wrong judgement. The study emphasizes the importance of referee psychological stability on the field and the need for psychological support. The study is expected to encourage further research on sports referees in Korea to ensure they receive appropriate psychological support.
