ISSN : 1598-2920
This study aims to suggest the guide line for weight category sports(Taekwondo, Judo, Wrestling, Weightlifting, and Boxing) who have to lose weight to pass weigh-in before games. Reference data was collected from RISS, Medline, PubMed, SciELO and effects of short term weight loss on physiological variables(body composition, physical fitness, blood components, oxidative stress and hormone, immune function) were analyzed. Also, weight loss procedures for weight category sports athletes were analyzed in details. The results of the research are as follows: weight category sports athletes prefer short term (3~5 days) weight loss methods (3~5%) with dietary control, sweating and exercise. Physical changes caused by the loss in body weight, fat-free mass, and BMI, however, do not affect body fat percentage. Different changes of physical strength element depend on weight reduction period. In short term weight loss method, anaerobic exercise capacity, muscular strength, and reaction time partially decrease and affect staying power. In contrast, long term weight loss method do not affect aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity. Furthermore, most of previous studies show that blood component change has negative effect on body water balance, stress-related hormone, and immune function. In conclusion, short term weight loss method negatively affects athletic performance of weight class competition athletic. Therefore, careful long term weight loss methods are recommended with dietetic consideration to prevent dehydration during weight loss period. Excessive weight loss on lightweight athlete should be prevented by institutional basis as well.
This study was designed to examine the effects of 12 weeks of resistance exercise training on physique, body composition, insulin resistance, and blood lipid profiles in 20s normal weight obese females. Sixteen females were randomized into one of following two groups: resistance training group (RT group; n=8) and control group (CON group; n=8). Subjects in RT group completed 12 weeks of resistance exercise training for three times/wk, and subjects in CON group were asked to maintain their normal life pattern during the same intervention period. Data were analyzed using two-way repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc test. Main results of the present study were as follows: 1) Body weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, WHR, and WHtR decreased significantly in RT group. 2) All variables regarding body composition did not change in both groups; however, fat mass was tended to decrease more in RT group than CON group. 3) Fasting plasma glucose decreased significantly in both groups, whereas other variables regarding insulin resistance did not change significantly in both groups. 4) All variables regarding blood lipids did not change significantly in both groups. Results indicate that 12 weeks of resistance exercise training was beneficial in physique and body composition; however, it was not beneficial in insulin resistance and blood lipid profiles in 20s normal weight obese females. Future research including normal weight obese subjects with higher age would be warranted to elucidate more clearly the effects of resistance exercise training on metabolic status.
The frailty, characterized by reduced physiological function is closely related to a fall, disability, institutionalization, hospitalization, and mortality in the elderly. A reduced physical fitness is a major phenotype of the frailty. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among pre-frailty, physical activity (PA) and functional fitness in the community dwelling elderly women. The study participants were elderly women (n=338, 70.6±4.2years) aged over 65 who took part in the Korean Healthy Fitness Criteria study for the National Fitness Award Project in 2015. The pre-frailty was defined using the Cardiovascular Health Study frailty criteria. PA was assessed using the International PA Questionnaire (IPAQ). The participants were classified as regular PA participants if they meet the World Health Organization (WHO) PA recommendation for the elderly. Functional fitness was assessed using the composite of the National Fitness Award fitness testing for the elderly. Quality of life was evaluated using EuroQoL visual analogue scale and WHO quality of life assessment. As the results, the pre-frail elderly women were significantly older and obese (body mass index, percent body fat, waist circumference) than the healthy elderly. The pre-frail elderly presented significant decreases in walking, moderate intensity, and total PA compared to the healthy elderly even after adjusted for age and percent body fat. However, no significant difference was found in vigorous-intensity activity between the pre-frail and healthy elderly. Also, the pre-frail elderly women showed the decrease in functional fitness and quality of life compared to the healthy elderly. Regular PA was associated with high levels of muscular endurance and coordination in healthy and pre-frail elderly. In pre-frail elderly, high levels of cardiorespiratory endurance was associated with PA. In conclusion, regular PA is inversely associated with fitness decline in healthy and pre-frail community-dwelling elderly women. Regular PA might attenuate fitness decline in pre-frail elderly women.
The purpose of this study was to examine whether the difference between ingestion of nutrition supplements for 8 weeks can regulate physical activities and fatigue recovery. Fifty one middle-aged women participated in this study and were divided into placebo, ingestion of 20g energy supplement and ingestion of 40g energy supplement groups. Energy supplement mainly consists of carbohydrates and proteins. All subjects take in this supplement one time per a day for 8 weeks. Physical activity and fatigue recovery were measured before and after ingestion of energy supplement for 8 weeks by using the Wingate anaerobic and a blood tests. In the Wingate anaerobic test, the peak power(p<.01) and average power(p<.05) were significantly increased in ingestion of 20 and 40g supplement groups compared to the placebo group. Although concentrations of lactate and growth hormone in the blood didn’t show a significant differences among groups, blood concentrations of cortisol and ammonia were further enhanced in ingestion of 20 and 40g supplement groups compared to the placebo group(p<.001). The results of present study provide evidence that energy supplement mixed with carbohydrates and proteins may be effective to increase physical activity as well as to reduce blood concentration of fatigue-related factors after exercise.
This study was designed to investigate the effects of combined treatment of chiropractic and PNF exercise on musculoskeletal function in forward head posture patients. Thirty patients volunteered to participate in the study as subjects, and they were divided into one of three groups, i.e., chiropractic group (n=10), PNF exercise group (n=10), and combined treatment of chiropractic and PNF exercise group (C+P group; n=10). Subjects in three groups went through each program for 25 min/session, three times/wk for eight weeks. Cervical alignment, cervical muscular strength and endurance, and cervical range of motion were measured and compared among groups and between pre- and post-test utilizing two-way ANOVA with repeated measures. Main results of the present study were as follows: 1) All variables regarding cervical alignment increased significantly in all three groups. The changes in C+P group were more significant than other two groups. 2) All variables regarding cervical muscular strength and endurance increased significantly in all three groups. 3) All variables regarding cervical range of motion increased significantly in all three groups. The changes in ROM regarding flexion and extension in C+P group were more significant than other two groups. It was concluded that all three treatments applied in this study would be effective for functional recovery of the musculoskeletal function in forward head posture patients. Especially, combination of chiropractic and PNF pattern exercise would be the most effective intervention for the patients.
The objective of this study was to reveal the characteristics of lower extremity motions of middle-aged women in accordance with their walking speed, and also to suggest elements of improving functions of walking-shoe for the improvement of gait stability. Total 30 healthy middle-aged women were asked to walk in their preferred speed and also speed 20% faster than that. Using the 3D motion capture system and the plantar pressure measuring system, the characteristics of lower extremity motions were measured. For the analysis on differences in motions between preferred and faster speeds, the paired t-test was performed. At this time, the significance level was set up as α=.05. The walking in faster speed showed the greater ground contact angle than walking in preferred speed while its gait stability was low. Also, the faster walking showed the bigger plantar pressure, and especially, the pressure on the great toe was high. It would be necessary to improve functions of shoes for the gait stability and dispersion of pressure on feet while fast walking.
The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument that measures participantsʼ satisfaction in sports instructor training programs. The instrument development process includes focus group interviews, parallel analysis, and validity and reliability tests. Data were collected from 897 participants from three regular training sessions and were analyzed primarily using SPSS and MPlus software. The results indicated that the service satisfaction of sport instructor programs has an underlying three sub-factors, including ʻadministrative supportʼ, ʻcurriculum contentsʼ, and ʻlearning environmentʼ. This study can provide helpful information to managers in improving their respective sport instructor training programs.
The purpose of this study was to categorize official twitter messages and find out each team's marketing strategy by using Ruby program. For the analysis 3 thousands official twitter massages were used for each 4 major probaseball teams, Samsung Lions, KIA Tigers, SK Wyverns, and NC Dinos. The results were as follows. Firstly, The marketing messages of pro baseball teams were different than typical companies. Pro baseball's official twitter marketing massages can be grouped into 5 category, Team Awareness, CSR, Customer Service, Engagement and Promotion. Secondly, Twitter marketing message strategy was differentiated by each pro baseball team. NC Dinos using twitter to increase team awareness while Samsung Lions deliver their premium team image as a KBO league champion and highlight marketing events with star players. KIA Tigers has shown most passive activities on twitter. Most of messages were just informing game and schedule. SK Wyverns actively using twitter they were answering questions from fans and very engaged to use twitter as a marketing tool.
The purpose of this study was (a)to clearly define the concept of service quality as it relates to the online sports shopping mall, and (b)to develop and validate a psychometrically sound measurement scale, (c)examine the relationship among service quality and shopping satisfaction and intention of recommendation for marketing strategy internet sport shopping mall management. Following Churchill’s(1979) suggestions, the author developed internet Sports Shopping Mall Service Quality(E-SSMSQ). For the development E-SSMSQ (1)literature review, (2)focus group interview, (3)in-depth interviews (4)pilot test(n=97), (5)first data collected(n=459), (6)Frequency analysis, descriptive analysis, exploratory factor analysis(EFA) and reliability analysis for items evaluation, (7)confirmatory factor analysis(CFA) and correlation analysis for scale validation, (8)CFA, correlation analysis and structural equation model(SEM) test for predictive validity used second data collected(n=471). The current study conceptualized the service quality in the context E-SSMSQ by incorporating interaction, efficiency, order processing, information, security, and design. The authors also developed 20 items E-SSMSQ. The results of SEM support the psychometric property of the scale. First, interaction, efficiency and order processing of E-SSMSQ had significantly influence on internet shopping mall satisfaction. Interaction, efficiency, security, and design of E-SSMSQ had significantly influence on internet shopping mall intention of recommendation.
The purpose of this study was to examine competitiveness of sport product companies by brand origin in the Korean market by analyzing attribute evaluation of sport products, brand equity, and purchase intention and their causal relationship. Competitive sport brands were selected in global, Japanese, and Korean brands by a pilot survey. Then, this study selected a population participating in sports for all, elite sports, professional sports, and leisure sports and 498 effective questionnaires were secured. As a result, Korean consumers for sport products evaluated global sport brands in the highest level, Japanese sport brands in the moderate level, and Korean sport brands in the lowest level in the evaluation of attribute evaluation of sport products, brand equity, and purchase intention. Moreover, the evaluation of participating types in sports for all, elite sports, professional sports, and leisure sports showed the same result in the order of global, Japanese, and Korean sport brands. Global sport brands had a sequential causal relationship from attribute evaluation of sport products to brand equity and purchase intention and formed a consumption behavior model that attribute evaluation of sport products led to purchase intention. On the other hand, while Korean sport brands had a sequential causal relationship from attribute evaluation of sport products to brand equity and purchase intention, attribute evaluation of sport products did not lead to purchase intention. Finally, it was confirmed that global brands such as Nike and Adidas had a high market position and Korean sport consumers’ purchase behavior was determined based on information of product attributes and brand equity.
The purpose of this study which is follow up study of Lee and Kim(2015b)'s was to analyse error sources and estimation of reliability in peer review of forced connection method-sportscasting by applying generalizability theory. Generalizability theory quantify error sources of the data measured under certain specific situation set by the researchers. It is an analysis method that the relative influences of each error sources taking from score is determined(G-study), and the effective measurement condition future applicable is provided(D-study). Participants were 10th high school students(N=216). Data were collected from student's peer review results and analyzed using univariate and multivariate generalizability theory. Results showed that error source for video have a more significant impact than other error sources. But the result by analyzing the gender difference was that error source for the interaction of video and participants have a more significant impact than other error source in the case of girls. Peer review used in this study showed high generalizability coefficient and even when reducing the number of video or participants it can maintain the adequate reliability. But generalizability coefficient of boys was higher than girls and specific measurement conditions leading to enhanced reliability were different when analyzing by gender difference. Also, method of analysis which cannot reflect measurement conditions properly estimates the reliability excessive. Discussions were provided in term of the relative influences of each error sources, the effective measurement condition maintaining the Generalizability coefficient of a certain level, and the comparison the Generalizability coefficient with the way of estimation traditional reliability applying univariate and multivariate Generalizability theory taking from score in peer review of forced connection method-sportscasting.
Researchers and teachers in physical education have emphasized sportsmenship in sport education setting. However, how to teach sportsmenship in physical education is not proposed yet. The purpose of this study was (1) to develop an instructional program for teaching and learning sportsmanship and (2) to examine its effects on sportsmenship. Participants were 7th middle school students(N=95). Data were collected using Sportsmanship Test(Park, 2014), open-ended questionnaire and in-depth interviews with students. The data were analyzed through paired samples t-test and qualitative content analysis. Results showed that significant difference was observed in students' sportsmanship test scores after instruction. Analysis of interview data showed that students experience the value of utmost effort, respect for opponents, respect for teammates, acknowledging results, respect for judgment, and valuable lessons related to character education. Implications for sportsmanship education using instructional program were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to describe the epidemiology of Korean collegiate injuries during 2015. Collegiate student-athletes(n=167) in six sports (badminton, baseball, basketball, rugby, taekwondo, and volleyball) participating in all practices and games during pre-season, in-season, and post-season were tracked via the injury surveillance system(rate, location, type, and cause of musculoskeletal injury). Injury rate for 1000 athlete-exposure(AE) and 1000 time-exposure(TE) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals(CI). We captured a total of 961 injuries, a rate of 19.29/1000 AE(95% CI=18.07, 20.51) and 0.16/1000 TE(95% CI=0.15, 0.17). Commonly injured body locations were knee(17.5%, n=168), thigh(16.1%, n=155), ankle(12.1%, n=116), and finger(8.4%, n=81). Injuries were mostly diagnosed as contusion(40.1%, n=385), ligament sprain(21.1%, n=203), and laceration/abrasion/skin injury(13.5%, n=130). Common causes were contact with another athlete(44.6%, n=429), contact with moving object (12.7%, n=122), overuse/atraumatic(11.9%, n=114), and contact with non-yielding object(9.4%, n=90).
This study has analyzed 33 domestic games and 26 overseas games by targeting women curling teams of home and abroad, and looked into what main performance variables are, how level differences of domestic team appear, and from which variables differences between winning team and defeated team come out in overseas teams. Also, main strategies has been suggested that are used most commonly for kick-off offense and latter offense, blank strategy in order to prepare countermeasures, and digital media DB has been constructed that can utilize proper countermeasures easily and simply, and a model has been proposed for predicting victory/defeat. To accomplish such goal, a variance analysis has been carried out by dividing domestic teams into each level after calculating frequency and ratio with SPSS18.0, and t-test analysis has been carried out by overseas teams. Also, the accuracy of victory/defeat classifications has been suggested by using an artificial neural networks method. As a result, a lot of technical proficiency differences have appeared among Class A(upper rank), Class B(middle rank), and Class C(lower rank) in domestic teams. The ‘Guard’ which is an aggressive variable has turned out to be used more in upper and middle teams than in lower team, and the ‘Tab Back’ has been used more in upper rank than in lower rank. Furthermore, regarding the average comparison on victory/defeat in international games, victory teams have more significant difference(p<.05) than defeated teams in accuracy of shot techniques and strategy accomplishing abilities, and victory teams have been turned out to use less ‘Drew’ and more ‘Take’ than defeated teams significantly in Drew and Take’ technique variable. Finally, the accuracy of a prediction model has been 91.7% for learning and 92.9% for the test result to predict the victory/defeat in international games through the artificial neutral network analysis. The prediction accuracy of domestic games was 81.0% for learning and 71.4% for the test.
This study aimed to explore the psychological factors affecting sports performance and their purposes as perceived by adolescent athletes. Study data were collected by conducting an open-ended survey with 232 student athletes from adolescent athletes in S city. The collected data were categorized using content analysis, which was conducted twice to explore the psychological factors affecting sports performance and their purposes. From 537 answers, 30 performance-affecting psychological factors—including confidence, endurance, effort/dedication, optimal tension, and social support—were identified, and they were classified into five categories: psychological fundamental, mental toughness, motivation, emotional stability, and social relationships. From 588 answers, the purposes of the psychological factors were identified, including performance achievement, motivation enhancement, demonstrating mental toughness, cognitive strategy, confidence increase, emotional regulation, injury prevention, game strategy, and reinforcement cohesion. These performance-affecting psychological factors and their purposes may serve as a reference to understand how secondary school students perceive the relationships among various psychological factors and the relationship between the psychological factors and performance. This study is expected to inform goal setting and content organization in psychological skills training.
This study was to develop and to apply real-time neurofeedback system for psychological self-regulation of shooters. Neurofeedback system was developed with expert meetings consisting of 8 sport psychology, EEG, and sport engineering experts based on Labview program. Developed neurofeedback system was applied to 4 college shooters for 10 sessions(1 session/week, 30 mins/session). Collected EEG wave data were analyzed by paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test. The results were as follows: Firstly, based on user experience concept neurofeedback system was developed which easily perceived neurofeedback information as traffic lights with minimizing visual search activities. Secondly, after neurofeedback system application right brain activation level of shooters(except one shooter) were increased compared to left brain activation. Based on the results of this study, neurofeedback system can apply various sports and contribute to help athletes’ self-regulation and athletic performance enhancement in sport field.
