ISSN : 1598-2920
This article aims to examine the research trend of sport history by analysing published research articles over the last decade in the Korean Journal of History for Physical Education, and suggest directions of research in sport history based on the results. We have reviewed a total of 264 articles relying on the analytic framework including the criteria of time period, method, nation, theme/topic, and purpose. The research findings are as follows. First, the post-Liberation period has been studied most often with 45.3%, followed by the Japanese Colonization period (20.2%), the Joseon Dynasty period (11.4%), the diachronic research (8.8%), the period from ancient times through Goryeo (8.1%), and the period of Enlightenment (6.2%). The results indicate that most recent studies in the journal unilaterally focus on the Modern and Contemporary history with 71.7%. According to the analysis result by research method, second, more than 90% of the studies have been conducted using qualitative methods while only 0.6% of the papers have adopted quantitative methods. The qualitative methods include textual analysis, participant observation, oral life story, and focus group interview. Textual analysis has been used most often with 74.5%. Oral life story has been second (22.5%), followed by participant observation (2.1%) and focus group interview (0.3%). The findings from this category show that it is still necessary to diversify research methods and vitalize interdisciplinary research. Third, in terms of nation, over 70% of the papers have studied about Korea, and European countries are the second most frequent region in the research trend (8.3%). The nation that follows is China with 6.4%. Although we analysed a Korean journal in sport history, the result exposes the lack of scholarly attention in the studies of sport history to world sport history reflecting comparative perspectives. By the criteria of theme/topic, fourth, genre has been studied most often with 31.7%, followed by figure (14.1%), facility/institution/organization (14.0%), system/policy/event (12.8%), philosophy/ideology/theory (6.7%), remains/relics/documentary material (6.3%), and domestic regions (5.4%). The results show that the recently published research articles have attempted to include a variety of genres in sports, play, and dance. While the topics for figure and facility/institution/organization also receive significant interest, it is limited that the studies mostly focus on male sport figures but female figures are barely explored. Even when female figures are researched, the attempts are observed only in the studies of dance. Fifth, the largest ratio of papers has had the research purpose of historical evolution (37.6%), followed by value/significance (20%), type/characteristic (15.5%), thoughts/ideology/theory (9.1%), origin (6.6%), suggestion/proposal/prediction (5%), comparison/correlation (5%), and concept/terminology (1.2%). The results expose that the studies tend to concentrate on historical evolution relying on chronological description while the research on concept/terminology is of little scholarly interest. Based on what we have found, it is identified that the recent studies in sport history have mostly focused on the historical evolution of a specific sport genre in the Korean Modern and Contemporary history using textual analysis. Consequently, the results suggest that researchers in sport studies need to put in additional effort to expand research topics and methods, and invite comparative perspectives involving inter/cross-national studies.
The purpose of this study was to determine whether maximum repetition number can be used as an indicator of strength imbalance. Eleven healthy, resistance-trained males were tested for one repetition maximum (1-RM) the chest-press exercise, and than manual muscle testing (MMT), two-arm at 80% of 1-RM and one-arm at 40% of 1-RM in the pectoralis major were measured for the maximum voluntary contraction (%MVC) and maximum number of repetitions during the chest press exercise. Exercise velocity was constantly 4 seconds (concentric: 2-s, eccentric: 2-s) per repetition. The changes in %MVC were significantly higher in non-dominant limb (NDL) compared with dominant limb (DL) pectoralis major during two-arm chest press (p < 0.01) and one-arm chest press exercise (p < 0.05). In contrast, the changes in MMT (p < 0.05) and maximum repetition number (p < 0.01) were significantly higher in DL compared with NDL during one-arm chest press exercise. There was no correlation between maximum repetition number and MMT (rho = 0.331, p = 0.320). However, maximum repetition number was significantly negative correlated with %MVC in two-arm chest press (rho = -0.730, p = 0.011). It is possible that maximum repetition number can be used as an indicator of strength imbalance.
To provide the distribution of cardiorespiratory fitness including Bruce treadmill exercise time and estimated peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) and investigate association with cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic syndrome, sedentary lifestyle, or education level among Korean adults. Analysis of data on 2,006 adults (19-64 yr) who had completed a maximal grade treadmill exercise test, from the Sports Institute of Sports Science Fitness Standards (KISS FitS) project 2014-2015. The mean maximal exercise time was 11’26’‘, 11’18’‘, 11’06’‘, 10’03’‘ and 8’51’‘ (minutes and seconds) for men 19-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-64 years of age, respectively, for women, it was 9’49’‘, 9’09’‘, 8’42’‘, 8’01’‘ and 7’33’‘ for the corresponding age groups. The mean peak oxygen uptake was estimated as 42.3, 41.8, 41.2, 37.6 and 33.6 ml/kg/minute for men 19-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-64 years of age, respectively, For women, it was 34.0, 31.8, 30.3, 28.0 and 26.4 ml/kg/minute for the corresponding age groups. A positive association between cardiorespiratory fitness level and education level was observed for both men and women. Furthermore, participants with sedentary lifestyle had a significantly lower cardiorespiratory fitness than participants with activity lifestyle. Finally, Men with moderate and high fitness level had 50% and 87% lower odds for the metabolic syndrome, and women had 48% and 50% lower odds for the metabolic syndrome, respectively, than the ones with low fitness level after adjustment for age, smoking, alcohol intake, and sedentary lifestyle. These results can be used to track future Korean assessments and to evaluated interventions. The differences in fitness status by education level, sedentary lifestyle or metabolic syndrome can also be used to develop health policies, program and educational services.
The purposes of this study were to establish gait reference data for 20s Korean and to analysis between Korean and foreigner. Male 34 and female 36 were selected for a subject group in accordance with the classification system of Korean standard body figure and age by Korean Agency for Technology and Standard. The sample size was calculated by GPower which is used for power analysis. The power of this study was 80.7%. 3D motion capture system and force platform were used to measure in this study. Gait data were collected by 8 cameras and 2 force platform. Each camera was operated at 120 frames/sec for sampling frequency and 1/1000 sec for shutter speed. The sampling frequency of force platform was 1200Hz. As a result of the study, the following results were obtained. A statistically significant difference in analysis between gender and within gender was appeared differently dependent on whether or not standardized. No significant difference appeared between legs for a female group in all temporospatial variables. But the significant difference with support time ratio and swing time ratio appeared for a male group. In analysis between gender, a significant difference appeared about walking speed and cadence. In pelvic tilt, a significant difference between right and left was found only in frontal plane for a male but found in a frontal plane and a horizontal plane for a female. In analysis between gender, a significant difference was found in sagittal plane both legs. In conclusion, normal gait pattern between gender was different and showed the difference between Korean and foreigner.
The purpose of this study was to determine how acute active pc-video game affects kinematic variables and muscle activities of adolescents. Fourteen middle school students(age: 15.9±0.7 yrs, height: 171.3±6.1cm, weight: 60.0±5.4 kg, right handed) who have no musculoskeletal disorder were recruited as the subject according to having experience in using the pc-video game for more than six months. Maximum angle, angular velocity, and muscle activity of the upper extremity were determined for each trial. For each dependent variable, a paired t-test was performed to test if significant difference existed between pre- and post a 60 minute active pc-video game(p<.05). This study found that one hour pc-video game hour may not affect on movement and ROM of the finger and the wrist, whereas it may have an effect on muscle activity of the upper extremity. It seems that repetitive movement pattern during an active pc-video game may hinder muscle activity of adolescents’ upper extremity. Part of the increase in musculoskeletal disorders is linked to the amount of time adolescents are allowed to play video games. This study found that an active pc-video game appears to have negative effects on the upper extremity muscles. Since wrist movements are continually repeated throughout the video game, carpal tunnel syndrome may possibly be caused by long-term exposure to video games.
The purpose of this study was (1) to analyze judges’ evaluation on figure skating performance and statistical analysis and (2) to make recommendation to improve judges' performance. Data were 62 figure skaters’ scores from Senior Woman 1 Group Part at 2015 The National Figure Skating Championship in Korea. Data of presentation part in Short Program were analyzed. Presentation part consists of skating skills, transitions/linking footwork/movement, performance/execution, choreography/composition and interpretation. Nine judges evaluate skater's presentation with the score 10.0 for each factor. Generalizability theory, descriptive statistics and ANOVA were utilized. Results showed that generalizability coefficient of presentation part was over 0.9, therefore stable reliability was secured. The error source about players has more significant impact to evaluation than other error sources. Generalizability coefficient was stable when reducing the number of judges up to 2. Also, judges generally represented aspects of similar evaluation, but different aspects appeared on a few judges’ assessment in the components of presentation. Discussions were provided in terms of the reliability of the judging method for the presentation part of figure skating and the effective measurement condition.
Sport Imagery Questionnaire of Hall et al.(1998) was developed to investigate the imagery type of athletes objectively. The purpose of this research is to verify validity and reliability of Korean SIQ by using Rasch Model, in order to make up for complement drawback of SIQ which was developed only using factorial analysis. This research conducted first and second questionnaire survey. Second survey was conducted targeting different study participants from those of first survey. The participants of first survey was 265 athletes of Chungcheong Province, and the participants of second survey was 169 athletes of Chungcheong Province. SPSS 21, Winstep 3.62, and AMOS 18 was used for date analysis. The result of Rasch Model verification for the data of first survey revealed that 8 items of SIQ were unfit. Thus, 5 factors and 22 items were determined. 7 point Likert scale was revealed to be a good fit. The result of Confirmatory Factor Analysis for the data of second survey revealed that Construct Validity of 5 factors and 22 items was valid and reliability was high by recording Cronbach’α value .954. External Validity was revealed to be high by showing that correlation between sport confidence and MG-M imagery was high.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the research trends on school sports clubs using the Content Analysis and Network Text Analysis. Data included 137 journal articles published from 2007 to 2016 and were analysed using SPSS 20.0, KrKwic software and the NetDraw of UCINET 6 program.The results were as follows. First, the number of research articles on school sports clubs were increased since 2012. Second, research studies using mixed subjects were most popular in comparison to more narrow target population. Third, the mixed methods approach was less utilised in comparison to quantitative and qualitative research methods. Fourth, correlational studies were more frequently used while multivariate analyses were less common in terms of statistical methods. Fifth, satisfaction, policy, and leader were the most frequently used keywords among the keywords provided by journal articles. Lastly, the results of Network Text Analysis indicated that school sports clubs and user satisfaction showed the highest degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality.
Based on public sports facilities’ census data, this study attempts to empirically analyze to the factors affecting the operating balance and use of public sports facilities(PSF). Analysis was carried out through multiple regression analysis using SPSS and location characteristics analysis using GIS. The total floor area and population was confirmed to influence operating balance and use(DV). Management body influence differed for DV (use and operating balance of PSF) by type of PSF. Consequently, this requires diversification of the management body. The size of facilities and location characteristics(population and zoning) are positive effect on the operating balance and Use of PSF. In order to solve the problem of location restriction and security of marketability, it is possible to take into account the integrated management and sports club’s use of large-scale sports facilities.
This research intends to present a new model development for properly evaluating intangible assets of sports companies. To accomplish the purpose of this research, cases where observable data such as costs are used to determine value and the application of such evaluation models were explored. Also overseas cases of Patent Litigation Fund, Patent Portfolio Fund, Intellectual Property Incubation Fund and existing loan programs were analyzed. The model development provided by this research utilizes numbers from financial statements in assessing intangible assets, thereby uniting the financial statements with actual value. And more accurate corporate evaluation method would be possible by evaluating intangible assets based on numbers from financial statements was suggested. Therefore, suggested model development first calculates the total goodwill and then divides this among the different types of intangible assets. The criteria of such division is based on the cost involved. This is much more persuasive than estimating future profits or comparing similar companies because it is based on actual cost spent and not vague numbers. This is not completely different from existing profit approach, but rather an evolved form of it. In other words, suggested model development tries to translate goodwill into tangible numbers as much as possible.
The purpose of this study was to identify problems that consumer and golf expert faced with and determine types of similar golf membership in Korea through analysing status of golf semi-membership. In addition, as the law related to golf facility was examined, current issues to improve management system of golf semi-membership were diagnosed, some improvements were deducted. In order to achieve the purpose of this research, case-study, expert interview, survey, examination of typical legal-system and expert advisory meeting were conducted. The results were as follows: First, the type of golf semi-membership was classified by 7. Second, the result of survey from consumer who experienced in purchasing golf semi-membership revealed that the number of experienced respondents was more than the unexperienced. Also, awareness of golf semi-membership brings positive effect to development of golf industry. According to the result of IPA, it was required that the current situation of golf semi-membership market would be improved and managed properly. Third, the results from investigating legal system in Korea showed that provision for reducing property loss associated with illegal contracts might be needed. Eventually, in order to minimize the property loss, complementary of membership contract, mandatory of information discloser, enacting provisions against violation and introduction of cooling-off system would be required.
Drawing on Bernstein theory (1990, 1996) of pedagogic discourse, this study is aimed at exploring the construction of pedagogical meaning in physical education policy in Korea and providing critical implications for the development of policies for physical education and school sport. Both open-ended questionnaires (n=22) and in-depth interviews (n=9) were conducted. The collected data was commissioned by an inductive data analysis to look at patterns of regulative discourses embedded with physical education policy influencing on teachers’ educational practice. This study identified three main discourses constructing and constituting policies; sport, moral, and health. Sport discourse was the most dominant through the policy, in which two sub-discourses were central: ‘competition’ and ‘exclusion.’ Moral discourse had a strong connection with ‘crime reduction’ and ‘academic achievement.’ The structure of health discourse alleged increase in youth physical inactivity associated with sedentary living leads to an obesity epidemic. This study argued that there were significant dangers which dominant regulative discourses created a limited universe of possibilities for physical education. Therefore, we must not lose sight of the powerful discourses produced in the primary field, which have an impact on shaping forms of policy and practice in physical education. Furthermore, we need to examine in detail forms of physical education practice in order to achieve alignment in the school practice with current dominant discourses.
Active participation in Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity(MVPA) is the indicator of healthy development for adolescents. However, Korean adolescents’ MVPA have continuously declined, and Korean adolescents have lower levels of MVPA compared to adolescents in other countries. Considering this issue, the purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of SPARK M-SPAN program to promote adolescents’ MVPA in P.E. classes and to understand how the promotion of adolescents’ MVPA occurs. To collect data, this study used Sequential Mixed Method and GT3X accelerometers. A total of 168 adolescents (84 in an experimental group and 84 in a control group) participated in this study for the quantitative data analysis, and six students and a teacher were interviewed for the qualitative data analysis. Paired t-test showed that students in SPARK P.E. classes experienced the significant decreases of sedentary behaviors(-339.6 sec) and low intensity P.A.(-96.9 sec) at p<.05 and the significant increases of moderate(+99.3 sec), vigorous(+252.4 sec), and very vigorous intensity P.A.(+84.7 sec) regardless of gender difference at p<.05 except for female students’ moderate intensity P.A.. The qualitative data analysis showed that SPARK classes gave students positive learning environments and led them to experience enjoyment and achievement-orientated learning Key teaching strategies of SPARK program and future research suggestions were provided in the discussion section.
Previous work has shown that coaches sought information from several sources; however, there was a strong reliance on learning from other coaches within their social networks. There has been limited research examining the nature of these social networks with other coaches (Trudel and Gilbert 2004). Thus the purpose of this study was to examine the structures of coaches’ social networks of Korean rhythmic gymnasts. Research questions were: (1) What are the network structures of Korean rhythmic gymnasts’ coaches? (2) What structural parameters contribute to coaches’ network structures, and (3) Is there an association between coaches’ network and flow of information in their networks? A total of 37 coaches of youth rhythmic gymnasts (6-18 years old) participated in this study. Each of those coaches was asked to complete a Name Generator Questionnaire (i.e., list four names that you have a close relationship with) and general socio-demographic survey. Data were analyzed using social network analysis tools such as UCINET, p-net, and Quadratic Assignment Procedure. Analysis of network centrality, density, and strong components showed that (1) homophily was identified in the structure of coaches’ social networks (2) homophily (e.g., by gymnasts’ ranking, mentor coaches) contributed to the total social network of coaches, and (3) interacting only with close coaches in the network, coaches received information about coaches/coaching from the strong ties rather than weak ties (Granovetter, 1973). This study also has strong links to Wenger’s (1998) community of practice which posited that groups of people share a common characteristic in practice.
This research begins from the awareness that even though there are different forms of wrestlings in the ethnic minority groups in China, the study on their morphological aspects has reached the limit. Based on the documents and VOD data about these wrestlings of each ethnic group, their morphological characteristics can be verified as follows. First, The postures of Han and Mongolian people take the way of two players standing and playing, and Korean-Chinese people and Hui people take a saddle stance using a thigh band. Second, as for the arenas for the wrestlings, owing to some geographical features and natural environments, they were set up at a specific area during the traditional era using natural objects(grass, lawn, soil, sand). Yet, in the modern times, they have been changed as being installed and run in modernized gyms, sports fields, or parts following the standard of stadium facilities supervised by each organization. Third, with regard to the play wear of wrestling, some parts of the traditional costumes have been transmitted and worn. However, in case of most of the traditional costumes, it has been found out that modernized clothes which take the forms of garments developed since the modern era into consideration are being used. Fourth, in terms of the game equipments of wrestling, certain clothes(uniform, vest), running shoes and a band(a thigh band) should be worn.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of factors associated with points and the difference among weight categories after the revision of wrestling competition rules from video images. Factors associated with points were average point per a game, average points according to playing type, the occurring frequency of point according to the skills, the frequency and successful ratio of Parter, and the time zone of points occurred. The video contents were concerned on athletes ranked in 1 - 5 (6 person) at 59, 66, 75 Kg categories of Greco-Roman style in the 2014, 2015 World Wrestling Championship. The analysis was done by watching TV monitor several times. Five quantitative factors were tested between weight categories. As the results, no significant difference was found in average obtained point, but significant difference was found in average lost point (p<.05). Average obtained point showed significant difference in cross effect of the type of game and weight category. And average lost point showed significant difference in the type of game (p<.01) and weight category (p<.05), too. The frequency of point by skills of stand and ground wrestling showed significant difference in weight category (p<.001). However, no significant difference was found in frequency of point by time zone among weight categories. In conclusion, the point obtained and lost and the frequency of it are associated with the type of game and skills included in it of Greco-Roman style wrestling. New training program focused on enforcing the correct type of game and skills in it might be useful for developing the performance.
This study aimed to examine the change of the indices in blood gas, ions, and by-products of fatigue substances and components in collegiate elite Kumdo competitors, who carry out a number of competitive games during one day tournament event. Subjects were carried out total 6 simulated, but followed same conditions and rules of actual competition, with providing similar inter-game break time. Eight well trained male competitors, who had awarded from national wide competitions, voluntarily participated in this study and revealed 51.5(±8.8) mL·kg-1min-1 of maximal oxygen consumption and 12.4(±5.1) % body fat. TWOWAY ANOVA (tournament round vs. pre & post each game) was adopted to test whether the mean differences were existed, and the interaction between individual factors and main effect within each factors were analyzed. Statistical significance was set at Alpha (α) = .05. While there were no significant changes in blood hydrogen ion concentration (i.e., pH) and partial pressure of oxygen (PO2), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PCO2) significantly decreased as the tournament games were repeated. The level of hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly elevated only during the 1st round of tournament. Na+ was significantly increased but K+ was decreased. Ca2+ concentration however, was not significantly altered. Although the changes of blood glucose level did not show any consistent patterns, free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was increased after completed each game compared to prior to initiate the each game. Blood NH3, lactic acid, and uric acid concentration increased at immediately after each game, and the pattern was maintained throughout the tournament round continued. These results reflected that the repeated participation of the tournament may cause the accumulation of the by-products of fatigue substances in blood and alteration of various ion components and energy substrates. Accordingly, the ways of reducing the physical fatigue and providing adequate energy source inter-tournament games needs to be necessarily considered for successful Kumdo competition. Data obtained from this study could valuable for searching the effective training and management methods to improve the performance and reduce the fatigue of the professional elite Kumdo competitors.
The purpose of this study was to explore and confirm Kumi-kata related factors of muscle strength by performance level in Korea elite female judoists. In order to achieve this purpose, 14 elite female judoists participated to this study. The subjects were divided to two groups (World Class Group and Non-World Class Group) according to their world ranking level(by ranked 30th). The analysis factors were repeated grip strength, Kumi-kata specific pulling strength and isokinetic strength of trunk joint. The results were as follows: Firstly, World Class Group had significantly higher repeated grip strength as compared to non-world class group (p<.001). Secondly, World Class Group had significantly higher specific Kumi-kata pulling strength as compare to non-world class group (p<.05). Finally, The differences between the two groups for isokinetic strength of trunk joint were non-significant. The results of this study indicates that a strong relationship exist between Kumi-kata related specific muscle strength and performance level in korea elite female judoists.
This study was designed to develop a communication training program for college ice hockey teams and examine the effects of this program. College ice hockey players and coaches participated in this study. The various types of data were collected and analyzed to assess the needs of the program and to develop the program with expert meetings. To analyze the effects of the developed program, questionnaires, experience reports, and in-depth interviews were conducted as measures. The results of this study are as follows. First, ice hockey team communication consisted of eight factors (i.e., sympathy, respect, trust, two-way verbal communication, firm expression of opinion, training program communication, developing rapport, and cohesion). Thus, the program developed based on eight factors and consisted of three stages of total 12 sessions which was 90 min to 100 min long. Second, this program increased communication satisfaction, coach-athlete interaction, group cohesion and exercise effectiveness, and these quantitative results were statistically significant. Moreover, qualitative analysis revealed that this program enhanced sympathy, social cohesion, and task cohesion among participants as well as positively changed their communication skills better than before. The communication training program which was developed through this study could provide basic information of a communication training program in the sports domain and positively influence overall sports team effectiveness and performance.
This study conducted to explore K-League (Korea Professional Football League) referees’ psychological experience and coping strategies just after the moment of wrong judgment. Open-ended questionnaire were conducted on 35 full-time referees who participated in the K-League winter training camp. The data were categorized by inductive content analysis. The results were as follows. Psychological experience yielded 45 raw data points, which were based on the following 10 sub categories; increased anxiety, rumination wrong judgment, concern about reprimand, and feeling apologetic; and four general categories including, psychological fragmentation, feeling helpless, concern about reputation, and acknowledgment of wrong judgment. Thus, K-league referees experience a psychological turbulence just after the moment of the bad calls and worsen feelings of helplessness about the wrong decisions. Also, K-league referees worry about further disadvantages following the misjudgement and admit their bad calls feeling sorry for teams and athletes who were in the incidents. Coping strategies yielded 55 raw data points from which the following categories were identified 11 sub categories; increasing concentration, attempting to forget wrong judgment, apologizing on wrong judgment, and change in thinking; and four general categories including, emotional self-support, avoiding situation, correcting the error and thinking, and changing of refereeing approach. Therefore, K-league referees enhance their concentration in order to not reoccur wrong judgement after the moment of the mistakes and try to forget the incidents of wrong judgement. Also, K-league referees apology to the teams and athletes who experienced the bad calls and make efforts to correct the mistakes if possible. Moreover, K-league referees try to modify a criteria of judgement in order to manage aftereffects of wrong judgement and make decisions correctly by approaching the scenes of the wrong judgement. The study emphasizes the importance of referee psychological stability on the field and the need for psychological support. The study is expected to encourage further research on sports referees in Korea to ensure they receive appropriate psychological support.
The purpose of this study is to establish the efficient defensive strategy from analyzing the goalkeeper’s gaze behavior and defensive motion in both field hokey penalty corner and penalty stroke. To achieve this goal, 3 national team goalkeepers’ gaze behavior and defensive motions were analyzed, as well as the player’s visual strategies from their interview contents. For the apparatus, multi-channel integrational system were used for analyzing goalkeeper’s reaction movement and personal visual strategies. The result is as follow: First of all, In the penalty stroke, goalkeepers were tended to focus on the bottom of the shooter’s hokey stick. Second, national hokey players had quicker anticipating saccadic movement. For this reason, their visual fixation locations were arrived in targets earlier than the hockey ball. Lastly, in the interview contents, they were reported to focus just on the ball from not disturbed by other various objects(body, hockey stick). However, they actually observed various body parts of shooters. These results imply that we need to develop an effective perceptual skill training in order to anticipate the shooting performance more accurately and rapidly. These types of perceptual and cognitive skill training should be conducted with information on knowing their specific visual cues in anticipating shooting direction.
The purpose of this study was to confirm the differences between winner and loser groups of national team participated in the World Taekwondo Championships statistically and trends of psychological status according to applying mental coaching. In order to achieve the purpose it was the selection of 16 national members participated in the 2013 World Taekwondo Championships in Puebla. Data was selected by TOPS(test of performance strategy). The survey was conducted before and after applying the mental coaching and the game soon after. Data processing results were calculated utilizing Excel and SPSS 21.0 version. Based on the findings issue the conclusions were as follows. First, the psychological state of the winner and loser groups showed a different trend in the self-talk, emotion control, performed automatically, imagery, struggle, negative thinking, relaxation, condition factor. Winner group was shown maintenance or better trends of psychological state in the three times measurements on the other hand, loser group was shown decrease in the game soon after. Secondly, winner and loser groups are statistically significant differences in the psychological state of competition in self-talk, struggle, negative thinking, solving tension factors. In other words, The winner group had higher score in the four factors than loser group in the competition.
This study was to identify the structure of anger behavior that athletes illustrated in competitions. In order to achieve research purpose, 167 high school, college, and professional athletes responded to open questionnaires. Targeting 541 players, the structural validity of psychological measurement was verified. As a result of analyzing the sources of anger behaviors during matches, four factors of anger-out, anger-in, anger control, and anger-helplessness were deduced. Afterwards, the validity of 4 factor-model was verified through correlation analysis with trait anger and verification of group differences. That is, the level of trait anger had a positive relationship with expression of anger-out and anger-helplessness while it had a negative relationship with anger-in and anger-control. Especially, the behavioral aspect such as anger-helplessness is a structure that has not been found in other criteria of anger behavior and it reflects the uniqueness of sports situation. Based on such results, the significance of sport anger behavior and implications were discussed.
