ISSN : 1598-2920
[Purpose] A potential issue for wheelchair sports are the characteristics of wheelchair design. The purpose of this review was to investigate the characteristics of design in wheelchair sports including the height of seat, camber and handrim size for improving the performance. [Results] The optimum height of seat related to trunk, arm length and handrim size. The lower seat showed the push efficient highly, while higher seat increased the energy expenditure. In energy expenditure, the optimum height of seat was 100-120° of elbow angle. Handrim size play the role in gear. The smaller handrim size acts like high gear, it gains disadvantages in acceleration, it gains advantages in maximum velocity. On the contrary, the higher handrim size acts like low gear, it gains disadvantages in maximum speed, it gains advantages in acceleration. The ratio of gear consideration in power and velocity. When increased camber enhanced the lateral stability, easier catch the handrim and easier arm motion. So it improved the energy expenditure and push technique. When increased camber enhanced the mechanical efficiency and stability, but it decreased the power. The racing wheelchair camber using the 8° and 10°. [Conclusion] Athletes, coaches and wheelchair experts are provided with insight in the performance effect of key wheelchair design settings, and they are offered a proven sensitive method to apply in sports practice, in their search for the best wheelchair-athlete combination.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to provide the physiological characteristics of female adults in their 30s by comparing the body composition and the maximal strength of the knee extension and flexion and bilateral ratio and ipsilateral ratio(H/Q: Hamstring and Quadriceps ratio) depending on age. [Methods] Body composition was measured by Hv-ps 7681(GE medical systems Lunar, USA). Isokinetic lower limb muscular strength was measured by Isomed2000(D&R Ferstl GMBH, Germany). 92 volunteers who were chosen by our selection criteria agreed to participate in our study. The participants were divided into three groups depending on age and classified as female adults in twenties(n=30), in thirties(n=34), in forties(n=28). To evaluate differences according to age, One-way ANOVA was used. [Results] The result in the test for female adults is as follows. In body composition, there were significant differences in lean mass, bone mineral density in the legs area among groups(p<.05). In isokinetic test, there were significant differences in muscular strength among groups in extensor of knee(p<.05). [Conclusion] The finding revealed that strength training based on the characteristics depending on age is required and ipsilateral ratio needs to be improved.
[Purpose] The present study attempted to verify the effectiveness of an early childhood physical health improvement program (subsequently in the present study, KICCE Early Childhood Health Improvement Program) developed in Korea by modifying and improving the Mission-X: Train Like an Astronaut program developed by NASA to be suitable for children of ages 4 and 5. [Methods] The subjects in the study were 679 children at 7 facilities in Seongnam city, Osan city, and Yongin city, of which 4 were daycares and 3 were kindergartens. The participant group consisted of 339 children, and the control group consisted of 340 children. The program consisted of total 24 activities 3 times a week over 8 weeks, of which 8 activities were related to nutrition and 16 activities were related to physical activity, and in the 9th and 10th weeks, the 16 physical activities were reconfigured and performed 3 times a week. Physical parameters and related fitness parameters were measured before and after the program, and an ANCOVA analysis was performed in which descriptive statistics and scores before the program were the covariate variables. [Results] The results show that first, growth statuses of participant children were in the upper middle section of the distribution, and second, of the 6 fitness developments, flexibility, balance, and quickness were improved, and in most areas, boys and below-normal-BMI group showed beneficial effects. [Conclusion] Thus, KICCE Early Childhood Health Improvement Program is conclusively proven to be effective for early-childhood physical development.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the change of muscle damage markers after maximal eccentric exercise and to verify the difference of recovery according to ACTN3 gene polymorphism. [Methods] Fifty healthy males participated in this study. Subjects performed 25 times/1 set (total 2 set) maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexor muscles on a modified preacher curl machine with a between-sets rest time of 5 min. Maximal isometric contraction (MIC) was measured 6 times (pre, post, after 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h). Muscle soreness (SOR) was measured 5 times (pre, after 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h). Blood samples were collected 5 times (pre, after 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h). ACTN3 gene polymorphisms were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Data were analyzed using a 2-way repeated measure ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni test. [Results] Analysis of ACTN3 gene polymorphism revealed the following distribution: 22% RR (n=11), 50% RX (n=25), and 28% XX (n=14). Individuals were classified into the RR homozygote group (n=11) and the X-allele group (n=39). MIC showed a significant difference between groups and interaction (p<.05). The groups differed significantly in MIC at 48 h, 72 h, and 96 h after exercise and the X-allele group decreased more than the RR homozygote group. The groups differed significantly in muscle soreness and interaction (p<.05). SOR in the X-allele group was significantly higher than in the RR homozygote group at 24 h after exercise. Although blood CK activity was lower in the RR homozygote group than in the X-allele group, but there was no significant difference between the groups (p>.05). [Conclusion] The RR homozygote group showed lower muscle strength reduction rate, muscle soreness and blood CK activity than the X-allele group. This indicates that RR individuals have a lower risk of exercise-induced muscle damage than those with an X-allele.
[Purpose] This study aimed to examine the effects of complex physical training on exercise and football performances in youth football players. [Methods] The subjects (n=16) were randomly assigned to either a complex physical training group (CPG, n=8) or a control group (CON, n=8). CPG was performed the complex physical training for 50 minute per day, and 2∼3 times per week, for 8 weeks. Exercise performance (health related physical fitness, skill related physical fitness, Y-balance and functional movement screen; FMS) and football performance (juggling, speed dribbling, shot passing, long kick and triple hop) were measured before and after 8 weeks complex physical training. [Results] Sit-up (p=0.002), sit and reach (p=0.040), 50-m run (p=0.031), side step (p=0.005), single-leg standing with eyes closed (p=0.040), plank (p=0.023), dominant composite score (p=0.002) and non-dominant composite score (p=0.005), deep squat (p=0.009), inline lunge (p=0.042), active straight leg-raise (p=0.015), rotary stability (p=0.049), total score(p=0.001), speed dribbling (p=0.030), dominant triple hop (p=0.001) and non-dominant triple hop (p=0.032) were statistical significant interactions between group and time. [Conclusion] Our findings indicate that complex physical training has beneficial effects on performance improvement of exercise and football in youth football players.
[Purpose] We examined the influence of reactive neuromuscular training (RNT) on golf swing coordination. RNT aims to induce proper coordinative movement by exaggerating the performer’s mistakes. Therefore, we applied RNT using inertia overloading to golfers who have problems with kinematic sequence during a golf swing. [Methods] To examine the effect of 12 weeks of RNT on golf swing coordination, we employed a ball tracking system (launch monitor) and motion analysis system (inertia sensors) were taken on four consecutive periods (pre-test and post-tests 4, 8, and 13 weeks later). Thirty Korean male cadets were divided into three groups based on inertial loading and practiced 7-iron golf swings combined with specific group tasks twice per week. [Results] At pre-test, most participants reached maximal angular velocity near the impact timing (95-100%). However, the deceleration timing of the maximum angular velocity of the proximal segments gradually moved toward mid-downswing as the training sessions proceeded, with the RNT group ultimately outperforming the two control groups. Additionally, the RNT group showed a significantly higher maximum angular velocity in the thorax and wrist. [Conclusion] Our results suggest that RNT can be sufficient to elicit and effective whole-body coordination pattern. Considerable follow-up research is needed on the use of RNT for various sports tasks and the effects of expertise on RNT results.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate effects of baseball expertise and stimulus speeds on coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy of batting. [Methods] Participants were 21 baseball batters, 7 of Korea Baseball Organization(KBO) League, 7 of Korea Baseball Organization Futures League, and 7 of Korea University Baseball Federation(KUBF) League. All of the participants were asked to swing the bat exactly at the time when the light arrived the target point of the runway. The Bassin Anticipation Timer was used to present stimulus with stimulus speed of 10, 15, and 20mph. Participants performed 10, 15, 20mph trials (3 kinds of speed per 5 times) and random trials (3 kinds of speed per 3 times randomly). The timing error of coincidence anticipation task was recorded and raw scores were transformed to constant error(CE), absolute error(AE) and variable error(VE). For data analysis, two-way ANOVA with repeated measures were used. And post-hoc test (Tukey HDS) were conducted. [Results] Results indicated a significant interaction on expertise and stimulus speeds for CE, AE and VE. The KBO League players group showed more accurate and consistent performance than the KBO Futures League players group and the KUBF League players group in baseball batting timing. [Conclusion] This findings revealed that coincidence-anticipation timing accuracy batting in baseball can be used as a factor to distinguish the ability of the other.
[Purpose] Perception plays an important role in understanding the environment or related objects in order for humans to perform physical movements more effectively. Sometimes they create different movements with different perceptions. Especially, visual perception errors that occur in sports situations can have a considerable effect on performance. Accurate knowledge of the environment in this process of perception is important in performing movements or actions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of learning formation on perception using Muller-Liar illusion diagrams. To measure this, we compared the feedback group that induced knowledge learning and the control group that did not provide knowledge To see if there is a difference. Therefore, in this study, we have provided a visual feedback that can establish the cognitive awareness of the actual stimuli length to subjects, and investigated the changes in their matching action responses. [Methods] A total of 32 young and healthy subjects were randomly divided into two groups (Feedback and Non-Feedback groups). Subjects were asked to match the stimulus size with their index fingers and thumbs. Initially (pre-test), three different visual stimuli (inward, outward, and no arrows) were randomly presented 60 times (20 times each) and the grip sizes were recorded using the Liberty Motion Analysis System (Polhemus Co., America). Then, video clips of two lines merging each other were presented as feedbacks. Post-test protocol was identical to the pre-test protocol. The data were analyzed using the 3-way ANOVA with one RM factor (2 x 3 x 2). [Results] Results showed a significant 2-way interaction effect. Post-hoc results showed significant interaction between stimulus shape and pre/post-tests only in the experimental group. There was a significant decrease in the grip size after feedback in the OUT condition of experimental group. However, in the control group, there was no interaction between stimulus shape and pre/post-tests. [Conclusion] Overall, current results indicates that, while visual illusion can affect the action, the provision of visual feedback can establish the awareness of actual stimulus size and suppress the influence of illusion on action.
[Purpose] The purpose of this research is to empirically analyze the relationship between self-determination and relationship commitment, customer orientation, service quality, and relation continuity intention of fitness center customers through structural equation model analysis. [Methods] For this purpose, this study set 242 members at the five fitness centers located in Seoul as the research subjects. In an effort to verify the proposed structural model, this study used IBM SPSSWIN Ver. 21.0 and AMOS 18.0. [Results] As a result, first, autonomy had a positive effect on relationship commitment. Second, competence didn’t had a positive effect on relationship commitment. Third, relatedness had a positive effect on relationship commitment. Fourth, relationship commitment had a positive effect on customer orientation. Fifth, relationship commitment had a positive effect on service quality. Sixth, customer orientation had a positive effect on relation continuity intention. Seventh, service quality had a positive effect on relation continuity intention
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to identify research trend regarding pro-sports and visualize keyword network by using semantic network analysis. [Methods] After searching researches about pro-sports from 1994 to 2016, total 686 researches selected. In this process, inappropriate researches were excluded by 2 researchers’ consensus. [Results] First, the distribution of the number of researches were arranged on pro-baseball, pro-football, pro-basketball, and pro-volleyball in that order. Second, fan, team, and athletes were main research subject. Third, quantitative researches were dramatically more than qualitative researches and mixed method researches. Forth, the proportion of co-working have increased with the course of time. Fifth, the number of keyword which are appeared in researches has increased with the course of time, it dramatically was increased at 2010. [Conclusion] Through these results, researches regarding pro-sports have been broaden with the course of time and interdisciplinary convergence researches with adjacent fields were performed. However, some keyboards were repeated and academic interest about rare keywords was decreased with the course of time. Therefore, scholars in sports field need to have a inquiring stance about novel variables and phenomenons
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to predict winning percentage in the Korean Basketball League(KBL) by applying the possession concept. [Methods] The model to estimate possession was utilized by formula used in NBA(National Basketball Association). Data consist of 20 seasons of the KBL (1997-2017). For data analysis, multiple regression analysis, Fisher’s Z transformation and stepwise multiple regression analysis were performed using SPSS 22.0. [Results] The result indicated that average team stats per possession had more explanatory power in predicting the KBL teams’ winning percentage than average team stats per game. The most important factor for winning in the KBL was defensive rebounds and followed by 2-point field goal percentage, steals, 3-point field goal percentage, free throw attempts, turnovers, offensive rebounds, blocked shots, free throw percentage, and assists. The results of this study provided fundamental information for the data analysis of Korean basketball games. It might be useful for basketball coaches to manage and instruct their teams. [Conclusion] Practical implications and future research direction were also suggested.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to explore the formation process and influential factors of professional identity for the establishment and growth of physical education(PE) teachers majoring in dance. [Methods] Based on the phenomenological research method, data from the interviews, focus group interviews, and local document were collected and analyzed from ten teachers. [Results] First, we explored the process of professional identity formation of PE teachers majoring in dance. It appeared in four stages, 'stranger,' 'adaptation,' 'settler,' and 'pioneer.' Second, we explored the factors of forming the professional identity of the PE teachers majoring in dance. The factors influencing the process of identity formation from the stranger to the adaptation were 'utilization of various training' and 'imitation of their mentor.' The factors influencing the formation process of identity formation from the adaptation to the settler were 'recognition and support of fellow teachers' and ‘opportunity of professional development.’ The factors influencing the process of identity formation from the settler to the pioneer are ‘sense of commitment as a PE teacher,’ ’constant attitude of study and learning.’ [Conclusion] The results suggest that the formation of professional identity of PE teachers majoring in dance goes through a certain stage, and the environment is important as well as the active effort and potential attitude of individual.
[Purpose] This study aims to examine necessity and characteristics of the K-OVEP, and discuss ways of settle and spread the program stably through cases applied in school settings. [Methods] To do so, educational components and curriculum of the K-OVEP was represented by analyzing references, developmental materials, and program application. This study was examined through the application process and observation of long-term program of the K-OVEP from two types of educational fields, 2 elementary schools and 2 middle schools. In order to examine if the K-OVEP achieves the aim of the IOC and the K-OVEP, basic level study was conducted to 187 students who participated in the program in 2016. The questionnaire consisted of three categories; ‘cognition part’ through the Olympic games and the Olympic values, ‘value part’ regarding five educational themes of the OVEP, and ‘interest part’ asking interest and involvement in sports activities, participants answered the questionnaire before and after the education. [Results] We found that K-OVEP is an integrated value based educational program regarding Olympics, stresses personality education, encourages students to explore their career, and is a process oriented education. The results showed that the K-OVEP achieved the educational goals in every categories and questions, and educational effects in sports activity looked different among schools and the environments. [Conclusion] This study was performed to participants at first year of the introduction of the K-OVEP, so in order to keep track of learners’ significant change continuously, expansion of participants, steady development of various new programs, development of assessment tools, experts training and follow-up studies will be required.
[Purpose] This study aims to examine the research trends in Korean women’s sport history and provide suggestions for future research by reviewing journal articles conducted in the last ten years (2007-2016). [Methods] The articles were selected from the Korean Journal of History for Physical Education, Sport, and Dance, which is the only, representative sport history journal in South Korea. 66 articles identified as studies of women’s (or women-related) sport history were analyzed in five categories, including a) period, b) theme/topic, c) purpose, d) method, and e) country. [Results] Specifically, the analysis by period showed that 90% of the research focused on modern and contemporary history, while only 7% of the research was set in pre-modern history. According to the analysis by theme/topic, genre has been studied most often with 36%, followed by figure (20%) and facility/institution/organization (15%). By the criteria of purpose, it was found that the majority of the research (48%) focused on historical evolution and transition, while the research on comparison/relation was of little scholarly interest. Regarding the category of method, textual analysis was used most often, with 70% followed by oral life history (27%). By the criteria of country, the largest ratio of papers studied Korea (75%) while only 3% of studies examined other East Asian countries, such as China or Japan. Comparative, diasporic, or transnational studies were the second most popular subcategory (11%). [Conclusion] According to the results, it was acknowledged that there has been a significant lack of interest in women’s sport history by Korean scholars and “sport herstory” is largely underresearched. In addition, the excessive concentration on a specific period or a particular theme was also exposed. To rectify the biased research practice and promote scholarly growth and enhancement in both academia of Korean women’s sport history and Korean sport history, it is necessary to consider the expansion of historical materials, application of new methodology, cross-disciplinary conversation, and theorization in studying women’s sporting experiences.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the process of Jang Changsun’s winning gold medal in the 1966 Toledo World Amateur Wrestling Championship and its meaning. [Methods] Jang Changsun and Katsumura Yasuo who had competed with Jang Changsun for the gold medal were selected as participants, a player and an executive who had participated in the Championship were selected as informants. Data had been collected by in-depth interview were analyzed firstly by using the Patton(1991)’s data analysis method, and the following conclusions were obtained by comparing with preceding studies, press releases, reports etc. [Results] Jang Changsun won a gold medal through the three stages of desperate struggles. The first struggle was to loose weight. Jang Changsun lost three times more weight than other players through fasting treatment, intensive training and dehydration in order to secure an advantageous position in the competition. His second struggle was the sparring itself. He made his mind to win gold medal 2 years before the Championship and started to strengthen his physical fitness and polish up his techniques to fight with strong players from powerful nation of wrestling. He finished the sparring by winning 4 games and tieing 2 games resulting in the same deduction points with Katsumura. It was inevitable for him to fight desperately to lose weight again to get gold medal. He eventually won the gold medal by losing his weight until he fainted because of injuries and serious dehydration. [Conclusion] The first gold medalist Jang Changsun contributed a lot to development of Korean sports by offering chance to consider significance of improving elite player’s exercising environment, scientific coaching, gaining self-confidence to win medal, and realizing the importance of sports informations.
[Purpose] This study was designed to explore Yuna Kim’s psychological strengths and the contextual factors, which led her to obtain the gold medal and the reflection of peak performance and preparation at the 2010 Olympics. It was hoped that by sharing the experience of one of the top athletes, other athletes would learn from her and prepare themselves better for Olympics in the future. [Methods] A case study method was applied with a qualitative approach. To obtain the purpose of the study, five in-depth interview sessions including introductory and member checking procedures were conducted. The interviews were recoded and transcribed verbatim, and content analysis was used to inductively analyse the data. [Results] The four general dimensions that were discovered in the results included Social-external Factors, Personal Traits, Coping Strategies, and Peak Performance. The social-external factors consisted of social support and attached/detached relationships while personal traits were personality traits, confidence and motivation. Coping strategies to overcome external and situational pressures were detached coping and resilience whereas peak performance was reflected on flow and the state of being mindful. [Conclusion] In conclusion, Yuna Kim’s strength was parallel with the previous research on the top athletes and other findings such as adaptive perfectionism and a sense of rivalry in the research were discussed.
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of recovery methods comparing with change ratio in Lactic acid(LA), Heart rate(HR), VAS(Visual analogue scale) on recovery patterns after field training(FT) in Korea National bobsleigh and skeleton players. [Methods] The tests were conducted for 3 times at a one-week interval as an experimental design within the same subjects(n=9), observed change ratio in LA, HR, VAS through applying Active recovery(AR), Whole body vibration(WBV) & Cold water immersion(CWI) after FT. [Results] The results were summarized as follows: The alteration of ratio in LA, HR, VAS decreased significantly after applying the three recovery patterns(p<.01). The difference between the groups showed that the reduction in lactic acid according to active recovery and whole-body vibration was higher than cold water immersion(p<.01). [Conclusion] In conclusion, although active recovery was more effective than static recovery, there was a significant effect of the three recovery methods in this study on reducing a fatigue in bobsleigh & skeleton players. Therefore, it would be considered to improve the performance of athletes when these methods apply for them depending on situations and environments.
