ISSN : 1598-2920
Lactate was considered a dead-end waste product of glycolysis due to lack of oxygen. Accumulating lactate in the muscle and blood was viewed only as a major cause of muscle fatigue and tissue damage. Furthermore, buildup of lactate due to glycogen re-synthesis is thought to cause excess oxygen consumption (oxygen debt) after exercise. However, research has also shown lactate to be an important mediator in numerous metabolic processes and a fuel for aerobic metabolism. Lactate is not metabolic waste, but a major player in cellular and whole body metabolism. Lactate can be used within the cell (intracellular lactate shuttle) or be transported through the cytoplasm or blood to be used by other cells (cell-cell lactate shuttle). Lactate shuttle hypothesis has helped in identifying and understanding the link between the glyoclyic and oxidative pathways, and identified lactate as a major energy source and gluconeogenic precursor. Therefore, the purpose of this review was to better understand the physiological roles of lactate at rest and during exercise, and the concept of lactate shuttle with implications for clinical practice.
Purpose This study was designed to examine the effects of 8 weeks of circuit exercise training on blood lipids, insulin resistance, cardiovascular function, and metabolic syndrome risk factors in 40~50s male bus drivers. Methods Twenty-nine bus drivers were randomly assigned to one of two groups, i.e., circuit exercise training group (TR: n=14) and control group (CON: n=15). Subjects in TR participated in circuit exercise training 30-40 min per session, three sessions per week for 8 weeks, whereas subjects in CON were asked to maintain their normal life pattern for same intervention period. The variables regarding body composition, blood lipids, insulin resistance, cardiovascular function, and number of metabolic syndrome risk factors were measured and compared between two groups as well as between pre- and post-test. Data were analyzed using repeated two-way ANOVA with post hoc test. Results Main results of the present study were as follows: 1) Waist circumference, waist-hip ratio, body mass index, and percent body fat decreased significantly in TR. 2) LDL-C decreased and HDL-C increased significantly in TR. 3) Fasting plasma insulin and HOMA-IR decreased significantly in TR. 4) Regarding cardiovascular function, diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure decreased significantly in both TR and CON. hs-CRP were not changed significantly; however, it tended to be decreased TR. 5) Number of metabolic syndrome risk factors decreased significantly in TR(2.86±0.86 to 1.50±0.76). Conclusions It was concluded that 8 weeks of circuit exercise training would be beneficial for improvement of blood lipid profiles and insulin resistance, resulting in preventing metabolic syndrome. In particular, it would be very clinically meaningful that number of metabolic syndrome risk factors decreased from 2.86±0.86 to 1.50±0.76 by the circuit exercise training.
Purpose Evaluating the aging of senior and providing optimal sevices are important things for successful aging. This study identified functional fitness related with heath of aged 65 years or older and developed an age scale (longevity fitness age) for assessing their aging. Methods Participants were 458 older people (166 male, 292 female). They were divided into healthy group and disease group. Healthy group was used for the development of the longevity age equation and disease group was for investigating the validity of the equation. Participants completed 13 function fitness variables. The first principal component obtained from a principal component analysis was used to compute the equation. All variables except for grip strength and carrying beans were correlated with chronological aged. Grip strength and variables related lower functional fitness had differences between healthy group and disease group. Finally, 4 variables were selected for the equation. Results It was the following: longevity fitness age=0.942*X1+2, 185*X2+0.673*X3+0.051*X4+0.588*chronological age+58.401, where X1=standing up from a supine position, sec (s), X2=maximum walking (s), X3=standing up and sitting down a chair (s), X4=one leg balance with eyes open (s). The longevity fitness age of healthy group do not have a difference compared to their chronological age but disease group had a difference significantly. Age difference (chronological age-longevity fitness age) of sedentary group in disease group was significantly bigger than its active group. Longevity fitness age could assess an aging of senior. Conclusion We suggest that it can use as the tool for early detecting senior who need the health care service.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to develop the new indirect method assessing maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) using heart rate (HR) and accelerometer during walk exercise. Methods One hundred seven participants (55 male, 52 female) performed a graded exercise test to determine VO2max and two types of 1,600 m walk exercises (fast walk and pace controlled walk). The equations for estimating VO2max was developed by stepwise multiple regression. The validity of developed equations tested through the correlation between measured VO2max and estimated VO2max, was assessed by predicted residual sum of squares, and Bland-Altman plotting. Results VO2maxwas correlated with time, and HR/activity count per minute (ACM) measured in pace controlled walk exercise at all distance (400 m, 800 m, 1,200 m, 1,600 m). The equations were valid significantly and their multiple correlation coefficients or standard estimated error were similar to that Åstrand-Rhyming cycle ergometer test or Rockport 1 mile walk test. Using HR/ACM in pace controlled walk (400 m), it was possible to estimate VO2max(R2: 0.675, %SEE: 10.7). The equation was: VO2max=121.659+6.656×Gender-0.865×Age-9.540×Time-2460.952×HR/ACM (Gender, 0=female, 1=male: Time, hundredth of a minute: HR, heart rate: ACM, activity count per minute). Conclusion Estimation equations developed in this study are considered to estimate VO2max through a shorter distance, or a lower intensity of walk exercise. It is required studies to target a wide range of ages or to develop walk test on a lower bpm.
Purpose The present study was set up to investigate the effect of self-regulated learning and selection of feedback on learning of the relative and absolute timing. Methods 48 university student volunteers participated in the experiment and were randomly assigned four groups (n=12 for each) depending on practice task and feedback, namely: 1) self-regulated practice task - self-controlled feedback (self-self), 2) self-regulated practice task - york-controlled feedback (self-york), 3) york-regulated practice task - self-controlled feedback (york-self), and 4) york-regulated practice task - york-controlled feedback (york-york). The task was to examine the temporal timing error and the task goal was to press a computer keyboard 'J' and 'K' alternatively corresponding to time set. Prior to the experiment, the participants had a pre-practice session and then practiced one of three timing tasks provided by an experimenter in the acquisition phase. There were two transfer test to assess adaptability aspects of performing changes related to learning after 24 hours of the acquisition phase. Serial practice was applied in the transfer 1 and an effector transfer was examined in the transfer 2. The dependent variables were a relative timing error that is susceptible to discrepancy between the participant’s key press and the goal patterns and an absolute timing error that is susceptible to discrepancy in the time required to perform the sequence compared to the goal absolute time. Results The results showed that in the pre-test there was no significant difference in both the relative and absolute timing error across four groups. However, in acquisition phase there was a significant difference in both the relative and absolute timing error across block. The relative timing error was different across the group in the transfer test 1, however it was different only between the self-self and york-york group. Lastly, the absolute timing error was not different across the groups in the transfer test 2. Conclusion The findings revealed that the self-regulated strategy is effective to learn the relative timing in the effector transfer.
Purpose This study is a phenomenological research which tries to describe the subjective experience and to analyze multi-layered meanings, and it finds out the men's training experience and meaning. The purpose of this study is to investigate why the men do Yoga and what the subjective meaning of Yoga experience, and the study examines critically whether Yoga experience especially focused on women is against gender performance and dominant body discourse. Methods For the study, 6 middle & young-old aged men who do Yoga more than 6 months every week are selected as participants. Results The meaning of Yoga for middle & young-old aged men in their lives is as follows. First, it is hard for men to experience Yoga because of social and cultural background. Finding Yoga class which takes men's membership is difficult. Second, middle & young-old aged men's physical feature(interest in their health and disease) and personal background(women friendly daily life) become specific motivation to overcome the barrier to do Yoga. Third, Yoga is 'alterative training', not a training. Yoga is considered as a training which replaces the feature of training called men's sports previously. Fourth, Yoga has a meaning of 'healing' to have our own time. Fifth, Yoga is changed by itself in Yoga culture which is focused on women even though middle & young-old aged men do Yoga for a long time. Sixth, middle & young-old aged men realize that the feature of Yoga is not 'for only women', and they thought it is 'neutral training that men can do too.' Conclusion Consequently, the reason why middle & young-old aged men do Yoga is started from the motivation regarding physical characteristics and personal background, and the main purpose is to cure and to heal our bodies and mind. For them, Yoga means 'alternative training to fit their bodies' and 'their own time'. Moreover, old male adult's training experience and meaning are against gender performance in that it cause a crack in stereotyped gender sports area, but it is notable that there is no intention to resist the dominant gender body discourse.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to conduct the impact of technology acceptance model(TAM) in sports field using a meta-analysis. Methods First of all, findings from 22 articles were used to analyze the relationship between perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and intention to use via the comprehensive meta analysis(CMA) program. Results Its study results are as follows: First, results showed that TAM have a big effect on intention to use, with an effect size of .537. Second, the most influential effect size of TAM sub-factors was perceived usefulness. Third, in application and SNS had a most effect on TAM. Lastly, results found significant moderating evidence for ratio of female. But ratio of 20’s was not founded significant moderating evidence. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it will be possible to pursue the behavior of the audience in the field where TAM is applicable in sports field.
Purpose This research was to empirically analyze the relationship between a commercial sports center customer-perceived employees' emotion labor (deep acting, surface acting) and sports center emotion, service quality & relationship retention through structural equation model analysis. Methods For this purpose, this study set 270 members at the two commercial sports centers(facilities equipped with more than 3 events) located in Suwon as the research subjects. In an effort to verify the proposed structural model, this study used SPSSWIN Ver. 21.0 and AMOS 18.0. Results first, this study found that deep acting had a positive effect on positive emotion. Second, it was found that surface acting had a positive effect on negative emotion. Third, deep acting was found to have a positive effect on service quality. Fourth, surface acting was found to have a negative effect on service quality. Fifth, the results showed that positive emotion didn't have a positive effect on relationship retention. Sixth, negative emotion was found to have a negative effect on relationship retention. Seventh, service quality was found to have a positive effect on relationship retention. Conclusion This findings indicate that the management of emotional labor is critical from the aspects of personnel management in sport centers.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the changing trends of swimsuit perception by using SNS big data. Methods By using “swimsuit” and “swimsuit brand” as key words, data was searched through blogs, cafes, Jisiksin(Tip), news, and web documents provided by naver and daum. This study used 2 years of data from January 1st, 2014 to December 31st, 2015 and social matrix program Textom was used for extracting matrix data and analyze them for frequency. To visualize data networking, NetDraw of UCINET6 program was used. Results Through analyzing the popular link words to the key words, it was known that the key words were 'swimsuit brand', 'children's swimsuit', 'rash guard', 'women's swimsuit', and 'model' in the order in 2014, and ‘swimsuit brand', 'rash guard', 'children's swimsuit', 'women's swimsuit', and 'Arena’ in the order in 2015. Second, the median of connectivity values showed that it was high in ‘swimsuit brand', 'women's swimsuit', 'children's swimsuit', 'rash guard', and 'Arena’ in the order in 2014, and ‘swimsuit brand', 'rash guard', 'women's swimsuit', 'children's swimsuit', and 'Arena’ in the order in 2015. Third, th results of CONCOR analysis demonstrated that ‘female customer’, ‘couple swimsuit’, 'rash guard', ‘brand’, 'children's swimsuit', and ‘fashion’ were grouped in 2014, and ‘brand’, ‘fashion’, 'rash guard', ‘purchase factor', and 'children's swimsuit' were grouped in 2015.
Purpose This study attempted to investigate the difference on job satisfaction and service quality between non-regular and regular workers in commercial sports facilities. Methods With the purpose of the study, the purposive sampling as the non-probability sampling method was used to intentionally select the representative cases. We conducted through utilizing in-depth interviews with 6 non-regular and regular workers, respectively, who have worked for more than a year at total commercial sports facilities holding more than 3 programs with more than 500 memberships. This study aimed to explain real phenomena as much as possible by utilizing NVivo 11, one of qualitative research method programs, on the basis of raw data. Results In conclusion, non-regular and regular employment types in commercial sports facilities did not affect service quality provided for customers. However, it was derived that there was a slight difference between regular and non-regular workers on job satisfaction. Conclusion It is necessary to improve the wage and compensation system for regular workers as well as the labor policy to improve treatment of the wage according to the qualification of non-regular workers in commercial sports facilities. In spite of the instability of non-regular workers, the effort of converting into regular workers would evoke organizational commitment, loyalty, and attachment of non-regular workers, when properly acknowledged.
Purpose This study was to examine the relationships among title sponsor's social inference(majority exposure, reliability, topicality, & social response), sponsor attitude formation(sponsor attitude, event sponsorship attitude, & communication attitude), and sponsorship effect (sponsor identification, attitudinal loyalty, and behavioral loyalty) in the professional volleyball contexts. Methods A survey was conducted by using college students (n=370) majoring in sport and physical education at four universities located in Chungcheong Province. The data were recorded and analyzed using the SPSSWIN Ver. 21.0 and AMOS 18.0 to analyze the structural equation model. Results First, the increased majority exposure had a significantly negative effect on sponsor attitude. Second, reliability was found to impact significantly on sponsor attitude. Third, topicality was found to impact positively and significantly on sponsor attitude. Fourth, social response did not show significant impact on sponsor attitude. Firth, sponsor attitude was found to significantly influence on event sponsorship attitude. Sixth, sponsor attitude had positive impact on communication attitude. Seventh, event sponsorship attitude was found to impact positively and significantly on sponsor identification. Eighth, communication attitude was found to impact positively and significantly on sponsor identification. Ninth, sponsor identification was found to impact positively and significantly on attitudinal loyalty. Tenth, sponsor identification was found to impact positively and significantly on behavioral loyalty. Finally, attitudinal loyalty was found to impact significantly and positively on behavioral loyalty.
Purpose This study aims to find out the attitude changes of consumers on a corporate sponsor in a cause related marketing based on frequency of information exposure and the image of the sponsor. Methods The data were collected from 191 students of C university in Seoul and its vicinity. The data were collected three times from the sample to see the attitude changes over time. The hypotheses of the sutdy were developed based on meaning transfer theory and spreading activation theory. This study hypothesized that the attitude toward a sponsor would change in a positive direction when consumers are exposed to related information and the change would be moderated by the frequency of information exposure. Also, the changes in attitude would be different based on the image of sponsors(i.e., positive image sponsor vs. negative image sponsor). The hypotheses were analyzed using mixed-design ANOVA. Results The results of the analyses indicated that the attitude change was greater when the frequency of information exposure was higher. The attitude change in positive image sponsor was statistically lower than that of negative image sponsor possibly due to ceiling effect.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine students’ perceptions of girls’ participation in physical education(PE) in elementary schools and examine the impacts of a girl-friendly integrated program on children’s participation in PE classes. Methods The participants were 10 fifth graders (5 girls and 5 boys) and their teacher in an elementary school. Data which were collected from in-depth interviews with students, students’ journal entries, field observation, and teacher’s reflective journal entries were analyzed inductively. Results Findings revealed that boys perceived girls’ participation as passive, possessing a low level of skills, and staying at the peripheral position. Meanwhile girls expressed their desire to demonstrate their strengths in PE classes and were afraid of boys’ criticism regarding their lack of skills. There were also misconceptions and misunderstanding on girls’ PE participation between boys and girls. In order to resolve these issues, a girls-friendly integrative program was designed. based on the four guiding principles drawn from students’ perception: (1) from ignorance to interest, (2) from misunderstanding to understanding, (3) from sport skills to sport values, and (4) from competition to cooperation. The program integrated boys and girls for promoting active interaction and also integrated competence, knowledge, and dispositions to accommodate students’ various ways of PE participation. Findings revealed that the program had: (1) diversified students’ perceptions of PE participation, (2) promoted students’ diverse and active participation, and (3) established classroom atmosphere which emphasized positive values.
Purpose The purpose of this study was (1) to develop and to apply the PE classes based on Sportscasting Model on Creativity and Character and (2) to analyze the effects of PE classes on Creativity and Character. Methods Participants were 10th high school students(N=172) who had not experienced PE classes on Sportsasting Model. Data were collected using An Integrated Creativity Test(Lee & Lew, 2012), open-ended questionnaires and in-depth interviews with students. The data were analyzed through paired samples t-test and qualitative content analysis. Results Results showed that (1) Table-tennis and volleyball lessons on Sportscasting Model were developed and applied, and (2) significant differences were observed in creative thinking and creative personality of students’ creativity scores after lessons. And 14 creativity factors and 10 character factors were drawn from the analysis of questionnaires and interviews. Conclusion And to conclude, Sportcasting Model is efficient in developing creativity and character. Discussions were provided in terms of the development and application of PE classes based on Sportsasting Model and the effectiveness of Sportscasting Model.
Purpose This study confirmed the historical significance of the First World War US Combat Strength Training Fitness System for contributing in the ROK military sports development. Methods This research method is literature analysis to be focused by the previous US Army Field Manuals. Results Concretely, The meaning of US Army fitness training was divided into four stages. First, this study confirmed the actual condition of the US Army fitness before First World War. Since 1916, US Army has developed a group physical training program applied the items suitable for the war and has systematically reflected the program in the recruitment training. Second, this study confirmed the process of operating military fitness program during the First World War. US Army physical fitness program provided an effective method to suit soldier fitness for war. Third, this study observed the fitness training changes of US Army after the First World War. At that time, US Army focused on maintaining health and basic physical strength for civilians and reserve forces, but US Army ran parallel with basal physical fitness and combat physical fitness after the Korean War. Fourth, this study compared military strength training between First World War and current US Army. Since First World War, the training of US Army has been developed around doctrine and manuals to be maintained the consistency of the system. In conclusion, US Army physical training system of First World War meant to be provided the basis of current military physical education and physical training. In other words, current fitness training is not dogmatic but has evolved, and it accommodated the basics of soldier physical training course from the past.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine athletes’ psychological competition experiences. Methods For this study, 64 student athletes, attending universities located in Seoul and Chungcheongbuk-do, participated in the study by completing an unconstructed questionnaire. The data were analysed through content analysis method. Results As a result, 15 themes, such as morale loss, comparable performance levels, opponent irritation were collected and the themes were classified into three categories including objectives of psychological competition, requirements of psychological competition, and psychological battle. In match situations, athletes attempt to psychologically compete in order to achieve objectives such as opponent’s morale loss, induce carelessness, trigger agitation and anger, dispersion of attention, and distraction. Psychological competition among rivals is valid when the requirements, such as comparable performance levels, sensitivity to match situations, strong tenacity and confidence, understanding of opponent and oneself, mutual checks and balances, are met. Athletes attack and defend to win the psychological competition by utilizing opponents irritation, information distortion, unexpected behaviors, predicting and coping, pulling a poker face, exclusion of opponents, and self-focusing. Conclusion This study created a theoretical foundation for a profound understanding of athletes’ psychological competition, which is often found in sport fields. Furthermore, this study is meaningful in that it has raised a chance of interest concerning psychological interaction between players in match situations.
Purpose This study was to examine the effect of athletes’ personality on coach-athlete maintenance of relationship. Methods For this purpose, the data was collected by 284 athletes using personality five factor questionnaire and Coach-Athlete Relationship Maintenance Questionnaire(CARM-Q). correlation and multiple regression analysis were conducted to verify the relationship between five personality factors and maintaining coach-athlete relationship. Results The results were as follows: Personality had a significant effect on the maintenance of coach-athlete’s relationship. Firstly, the artificial neural network was analyzed to find the influence of personality that determine positive relationships with coaches. Conclusion As a result, it was confirmed that the favor was the main discriminant factor in maintaining the relationship of coach-athlete. Finally, openness and sincerity were found to maintain and develop the positive relationship with coaches.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of six-weeks intermittent hypoxic training at 3,000 m hypobaric hypoxic condition on aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity in competitive swimmers. Methods South Korean swimmers (n=20) were randomly assigned into training at sea-level (n=10, intermittent normoxic training group; INT) and training at 526 torr corresponding to 3,000 m hypobaric hypoxic condition (n=10, intermittent hypoxic training group; IHT). The participants completed an aerobic continuous treadmill training (30 min) within 80%HRmax and anaerobic interval bicycle training (10 times; 2 min of exercise and 1 min of rest) for 30min within 90%HRmax in each environment. We compared their aerobic and anaerobic exercise capacity before and after six-weeks of training. Exercise frequency was 1 hour, 3 days per a week, and during 6 week. Results In aerobic exercise capacity, PWC at 75%HRmax, estimated VO2 max, and exercise time were increased by training in only the IHT group. Estimated VO2 at 75%HRmax was increased by training in both groups, but presented a larger increase tendency in the IHT group compared with the INT group. In anaerobic exercise capacity, peak anaerobic power and fatigue index were increased by training in only the IHT group. Blood lactate level after wingate test were decreased by training in both groups, but the IHT group have a lower blood lactate level in after training compared with the INT group. Conclusion In our study, we did not measure to various dependent variables for support to enhancement of aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance. However, these results showed that the IHT method may be effective in improvement of exercise performance in competitive swimmers who participates in a variety of events from short to long distance.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to identify the lower extremity muscles length change according to the increase of the weight during snatch. Also, through the muscle contraction velocity analysis, it is necessary to identify muscles that require rapid muscle contraction. Methods The subjects were 10 national weight-lifters. Their mean age was 29 ± 3.84 yrs, body weight 71.3 ± 16.04 kg, height 1.63 ± 0.07 m, and the highest recorded height 128 ± 36.30 kg. Experiments were performed during the snatch to 70%, 80%, and 90% of the individual highest records. The analysis variables were the lower extremity angle, angular velocity, muscle length and muscle contraction velocity and were calculated by biomechanical modeling. Statistical analysis was performed with a repeated measure with one-way ANOVA to analyze the difference between the increase weight (70%, 80%, 90% of peak) and the dependent variable (angel, angular velocity, muscle length and muscle contraction velocity). Results According to the results of the study, there was no statistical difference in angle, angular velocity and muscle length with increasing weight. However, in the comparison of the muscle length, muscle length of the vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, rectus femoris were statistically higher than other muscles. Also muscle contraction velocity of the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris were statistically higher than other muscles. Conclusion In the snatch, the dominant muscles were the muscles around the femur, and the co-contraction of biceps femoris and great adductor muscles would contribute to improve the performance.
