Purpose The purpose of this study is conducted to analyze the objectivity of the ski technical championships hosted by Korea Ski Instructor Association (KSIA) and to identify the error sources that affect the score of the competition. Methods To this end, we used the data from the 25th(2009) to 33rd(2017) ski technical championships held by the Korea Ski Instructor Association (KSIA). The data provided by Win Excel 2010 was used to sort out the missing data, such as abandonment, according to the data processing method. The collected data were analyzed by using SPSS 22.0 to calculate the mean and standard deviation of each season, event, and judges, and the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). In addition, by using the single facet crossed design(p*j) of the generalizability theory’s G study, the variance component estimates for the participant(p) and the judges (j) are calculated, and the influence (%). Results As a result of the research, it was confirmed that the results of all the seasons and events from the 25th to the 33th events were very consistent, with the objective of .845~.986 higher than the recognition level of .80. In addition, the results show that the relative ratio of the judges to the error of the judging score is very low as a result of the error analysis through the dispersion component estimates. Conclusion In summary, the results of the KSIA evaluation are highly evaluated objectivity and have very low impact on the judges' errors.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of push-up plus exercise(PUPE) on stabilization of the scapula and to use it as basic data for shoulder rehabilitation program. Methods In this study, research papers were collected using Research Information Sharing Service(RISS) and Pub-Med Central.(PMC) as a search term for scapular stabilization, push - up plus, shoulder joint injury rehabilitation and scapular stabilization exercise. Also, it was used as basic data of literature analysis. The collected data were classified into the structure and movement of the scapula and shoulder, kinesiologic relation of the scapula and the mechanism of injury, and the effect of push-up plus Results Serratus anterior is a typical stabilizing muscle, and it forms a force couple with the upper and lower trapezius to control the movement of the scapula. The PUPE is an effective exercise method to selectively strengthen serratus anterior, which are the stabilizing muscles of the scapula, and is an exercise method that is also useful for correcting the wrong postures and movements because of hypertonus upper trapezius. In addition, various conditions such as application posture, arm position, and ground instability were suggested during PUPE. Conclusion The results of this study confirmed that PUPE is an effective program for scapula stabilization in the rehabilitation of shoulder injuries and injured patients and athletes. The PUPE will be used as a rehabilitation exercise program for patients and athletes who need rehabilitation of the shoulder joint.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of grip width and hand orientation on muscle activities of upper body during the lat pull-down. Methods Eight healthy men performed the 6 grip variations (3 grip width × 2 hand orientation) using an experimentally determined load of 70% of 1 repetition maximum. Five trials were analyzed for each grip type. Participants maintained a cadence of 2-second concentric and 2-second eccentric phases. The grip widths were normalized for each individual by using their biacromial diameter (100%), and then set the grip width 50% of biacromial diameter and 150% of biacromial diameter. Surface EMG of the latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major, infraspinatus, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, rectus abdominis, erector spinae and middle trapezius was recorded, and the root mean square of the EMG was normalized, using a maximum isometric voluntary contraction. Results Latissimus dorsi showed higher muscle activities in 100% grip width than those of 50% grip width. Pectoralis major and rectus abdominis showed higher muscle activities in 50% and 100% grip width than those of 150% grip width. Middle trapezius showed higher muscle activities in 150% grip width than those of 50% grip width. Conclusions Two-way repeated measures ANOVA for each muscle revealed that latissimus dorsi and middle trapezius (the posterior muscles of trunk) showed higher muscle activities in wide grip, on the other hand, pectoralis major and rectus abdominis (the posterior muscles of trunk) showed higher muscle activities in narrow grip.
Purpose This study examines the regional differences in fall-related physical fitness and fall experience characteristics between Korean and Japanese elderly people. Methods The study includes 176 elderly residents of Gifu(35 male, 73.5yrs; 141 female, 72.4yrs) and 147 residents of Ulsan(46 male, 75.6yrs; 101 female, 75.6yrs). One-legged stance, hand grip strength, knee extension strength, 10 m gait, timed up and go test, 30-s chair stand, sit and reach, and reaction time were measured to examine the fall-related physical fitness. A questionnaire survey was also conducted to investigate the characteristics of the fall experiences. Results The elderly in Ulsan experienced a lot of falls compared to those in Gifu. Many of the fallers in Ulsan have fallen forward due to tripping, and they have often fallen backwards by losing balance. In addition, 14% of them suffered a bone fractured. The one-legged stance, hand grip strength, 10m gait, timed up and go, 30-s chair stand, and reaction time of the elderly in Gifu were superior to those in Ulsan. Conclusion In order to reduce the fall rate through improvements to fall related physical fitness and the awareness of fall prevention, various professional fall prevention programs and policies should be proposed, and they should be implemented systematically for community living elderly people.
Purpose This study was to investigate the systematic application of the life skills program and its effects in a sport setting. Methods Participants were 14 college students(8 males and 6 females) majoring in Taekwondo. Survey tools were utilized to measure items of life skills and journals. Data analyses were conducted by using Excel program and inductive content analysis. Results First, life skills in this study consisted of goal setting, self-talk, imagery, cognitive restructuring. Life skills program has undergone a procedure, such as the introduction, training, development, application, and evaluation. Second, the average scores of life skill variables have been changed according to measured points. Specifically, the average scores of goal setting and self-talk were highly increased over time and the average score of imagery indicated gradual rising line. The average score of negative thought was slightly reduced over time. Third, regarding effects of this program, participants’ responses were categorized into six components; performance enhancement, positive thoughts, chances of change, goal setting, struggling efforts, and motivation formation. Further, participants stated this program was a great opportunity to develop these components. Conclusion The application of life skills program in sport settings will contribute to participants’ life span developmental change in cognitions, emotions, and behavior.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the socio-cultural background and the current issues of camp training system. This work could find the reason why camp training is continuing despite the regulatory policy. Methods This study compared past national and social situation, sports and education policies of each government, and the changes of sports paradigm through literature review. Results The settlement background of camp training system was explained by the national situation in 1970s and the elite sports policy. However, after the political democratization, the human rights ideology as universal value has developed, and the anti-human rights system which individuals sacrifice for the realization of community became not free in the school sports. Especially, since the 2000s, various social problems caused by camp training have been discussed and the school sports system is undergoing transition under various regulation. In this process, the conflict between the policy makers and the subjects is intensifying. The partial regulation, rather than radical reform, has been the cause of conflict without resolving 'the remnants of past elite sport policy'. The current regulation is limited to the "partial regulatory system", omitting fundamental changes such as the revision and abolition of the student-athletes' college entrance system. Conclusion This study presented two issues to normalize school sports. First, it is necessary to discuss the revision or abolishment of the student-athletes' college entrance system. Second, the existing school athletic system should be transformed into a future-oriented club system. By solving these problems, we can expect the policy effectiveness of current regulation and it will be able to reach the future that the regulatory policy are aiming at.
Purpose The purpose of this research was to investigate the influence of professional baseball teams' message appeal type (emotional vs. rational) and message delivery method (article with photo vs. article without photo) on consumers' acceptance of the message. The hypotheses were two folds. First, compared with a rational apology article, a professional team's emotional apology article affected consumers' acceptance more positively. Second, a professional team's apology article with a photo attached influenced consumers' acceptance more positively than one without a photo. Methods To achieve the purpose of this study, the authors utilized a 2 (Message Appeal Type: emotional vs. rational) × 2 (Message Delivery Method: article with photo vs. article without photo) factorial experiment. An existing baseball team was selected and was assumed to have been involved in a game fixing situation. Out of 340 participants, 325 were used in the final analysis. Two-way ANCOVA of SPSS 23.0 was conducted to analyze the data. Results Findings revealed when a professional baseball team issued an emotional apology article, consumers were more positive about it than a rational one. Also when a professional team delivered an article with a photo, consumers accepted the article more positively than the one without a photo.
Purpose In recent years, competition among companies has become more and more important to maximize the competitiveness of companies by improving their productivity through technological innovation. Increasing competitiveness through technological innovation is becoming an essential requirement for survival of companies. In order for companies to innovate, it is necessary to spend R&D investment and the government is strengthening various policy supports to do this. Athletic equipment industry classified as manufacturing industry in sports industry. In this study, considering the fact that manufacturing industry occupies a large part of Korea's R&D investment, we compared R&D intensities with athletic equipment industry and other industries. We also examined whether R&D investment has affected firm performance. Methods The data used in the analysis were extracted from KIS-DATA with KSIC codes of companies classified as sports and athletic goods manufacturing industry in the 9th Korean Standard Industrial Classification of National Statistical Office. The analysis period is five years from 2011 to 2015 to look at the current status. Looking at the number of companies extracted by year, it was 42 in 2011, 45 in 2012, 46 in 2013, 48 in 2014, and 39 in 2015. Results Research showed that the intensity of R&D of athletic equipment industry was 1.22% in 2011, 1.63% in 2012, 1.51% in 2013, 1.53% in 2014 and 1.30% in 2015. This was lower than the manufacturing industry, which was a category of athletic equipment industry, and lower than that of similar small and medium sized enterprises. The correlation between R&D intensities and the sales growth rate of firms showed a positive correlation in 2011 and 2015, but the correlation is not strong. Conclusion R&D investment in athletic equipment industry was not actively taking place, and R&D investment did not have a significant effect on the performance of the company.
Purpose The purpose of this study is to empirically inquire into the relationship between a commercial sports center employee's humor orientation & customer orientation and employees' trust, service quality, sports center relationship quality and relationship retention through structural equation model analysis. Methods For this purpose, the survey targeted 224 adult men and women who have used any one of the three commercial sports centers in Chungcheong for over three months. For sampling method, convenience sampling method was used, while the questionnaire was self-administered. In an effort to verify the proposed structural model, this study used IBM SPSSWIN Ver. 21.0 and AMOS 18.0. Results First, humor orientation was found to have a positive influence on employees' trust. Second, customer orientation was found to have a positive influence on employees' trust. Third, employees' trust was found to have a positive influence on service quality. Fourth, employees' trust was found not to have a positive influence on sports center relationship quality. Fifth, employees' trust was also found not to have a positive influence on relationship retention. Sixth, service quality was found to have a positive influence on sports center relationship quality. Seventh, service quality was also found not to have a positive influence on relationship retention.
Purpose The purpose of this study was to verify the importance and satisfaction of service quality of visitors to screen baseball using the Importance-Performance Analysis. Methods Selected visitors who participated in screen baseball using convenience sampling of non-probability sample method from January 26 to May 27, 2017, and conducted a questionnaire survey to a total of 213 data were used in this study except 17 data which were untrustworthy responses or non-responses. SPSS 21.0 statistical program were used to exploratory factor analysis, reliability analysis, frequency analysis and IPA. Results The results were as follows. first of all,Ⅰquadrant derives 7 items including modernized facilities and equipments. Next, Ⅱ quadrant, there are 5 credibility of the program and continuous service provision. Also, in the quadrant Ⅲ, the service promised to the customer and the interest and effort of the staff in case of trouble were confirmed.. In the quadrant IV, four items were analyzed such as the interest in the members and the matching of the members' use time. In the analysis of Slack's(1994) diagonal model, twelve kinds of improvements such as costumes, appearance, internal facilities and services promised to customers were derived. In addition, there are 5 appropriately provided properties such as modern facilities and equipment, and facilities suitable for enjoying baseball. Finally, in the attributes that are provided in excess, four attributes are indicated, attention to members and matching of members' use time. Conclusion Based on the results of this study, it is meaningful to be a marketing and management practice data for operating the screen baseball.
